UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Winter 2023
INST560 Internet of
Things

Internet of Things
Communication and Protocols
Professor Aliakbar Jalali
aliakbar.jalali@live.uona.edu
Lecture 7
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 Topics
• Introduction
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT Networking
• Types of Networking

• IoT Networking Technology

• IoT Communications
• IoT Communication Technologies

• IoT Wireless Communication

• IoT Protocols
• What is IoT Protocols?

• Understand each of commonly used protocols

• The most common IoT Protocols

• Conclusion

• References
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 Introduction
• The benefit and value of IoT comes
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

from enabling the components to

communicate; this ability to
communicate is what moves data
from endpoint devices through the
IoT pipeline to central servers.

• Network devices, or networking

hardware, are physical devices
that are required for
communication and interaction
between hardware on a computer
network.

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 Introduction
• Communication happens via IoT
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

protocols, which ensure that data

sent from endpoint devices, such as
sensors, is received and understood
by the next and subsequent steps in
the connected environment,
whether the next step for that data
is to another endpoint device or a
gateway or an application.

• The communication of IoT devices

can be unidirectional (send data) or
bidirectional (send and receive
data).
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 How IoT devices to be connected?
• Modern digital networks make all this possible.
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• The world is quickly being covered with networks that allow digital devices
to interconnect and transmit.

• Think of the mesh of networks like a digital skin surrounding the planet.

• With this digital skin, mobile devices, electronic sensors, electronic

measuring devices, medical devices, and gauges are all able to connect.

• They monitor, communicate, evaluate, and in some cases automatically

adjust to the data that is being collected and transmitted.

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 IoT network
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

physical devices, vehicles, home appliances

and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, actuators, and
connectivity which enables these objects to
connect and exchange data.

• IoT Network refers to the collective network

of connected devices and the technology that
facilitates communication between devices
and the cloud, as well as between the devices
themselves.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things 6 /59
 How are IoT Devices Connected to the Network?

• A sensor needs to be connected to a network so that the

UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

gathered data can be stored and shared.

• This requires either a wired Ethernet connection or a

wireless connection to a controller.

• While wireless Ethernet may be used, low power

alternatives such as Bluetooth LE, Zigbee, or LoRa are
more practicable.

• Controllers are responsible for collecting data from

sensors and providing network or internet connectivity.
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 How are IoT Devices Connected to the Network?

• Controllers may have the ability to make immediate

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decisions, or they may send data to a more powerful

computer for analysis.

• This more powerful computer might be in the same LAN as

the controller or might only be accessible through an internet
connection.

• Sensors often work together with a device called an actuator.

• Actuators take electrical input and transform the input into

physical action.

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 How are IoT Devices Connected to the Network?
• As an example, if a sensor detects excess heat in a room, the sensor
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

sends the temperature reading to the microcontroller.

• The microcontroller can send the data to an actuator which would then
turn on the air conditioner.

• The majority of new devices such as fitness wearables, implanted

pacemakers, air meters in a mine shaft, and water meters in a farm field
all require wireless connectivity.

• Because many sensors are “out in the field” and are powered by batteries
or solar panels, consideration must be given to power consumption.

• Low-powered connection options must be used to optimize and extend

the availability of the sensor.
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 IoT Networking
• The following factors determine the type of network technology
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

used by an IoT device:

a.Distance

b.Bandwidth

c. Power consumption

• The primary IoT area network types and some of the technologies

they are likely to use:

a.Neighborhood area network (NAN)

b.Local area network (LAN)

c. Personal area network (PAN)

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 IoT Networking
IoT Networking Technologies Overview
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Wired technologies are sometimes used in IoT, but wireless

dominates the field in most applications. The technologies discussed

in this class are generally wireless.

• The following best-known technologies used in IoT:

a.802.11 Wi-Fi

b.Bluetooth

c.Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and Thread

d.Z-Wave

e.LoRaWAN
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 IoT Networking
• Different types of devices and different environments
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

dictate what type of networking technology is likely to be

used by a particular IoT device

• Most IoT devices use some form of wireless communication.

• The network technology used by an IoT device largely

depends on the following factors:
• Distance

• Bandwidth

• Power consumption

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 IoT Networking
• Primary IoT area network types and some of the technologies
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

they are likely to use include the following:

• Neighborhood area network (NAN)
• NANs are primarily used in the utility industry to wirelessly collect data from utility
meters
• A similar network type, a field area network (FAN), is also used in utility applications and
works with NAN technologies

• Local area network (LAN)

• IoT devices use the same LAN technologies that any connected computing device might
use

• Personal area network (PAN)

• PANs use short-range network technologies such as 802.15 Bluetooth
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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Networking Technologies

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
Types of Networks

Wan Network

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 IoT Networks
• Millions of IoT devices are connected to Networks
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• .

• .
Normal
Network

• What is difference between Normal Devices and IoT Devices?

• Connected devices is about connecting and communicating between devices

(essentially machines, devices, sensors).

• However, IoT goes beyond to include people, things and software systems.
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 IoT Networking Technologies
• Wired technologies are sometimes used in IoT; however, wireless
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

dominates the field in most applications

• 802.11 Wi-Fi
• IoT devices can use one of the 802.11 Wi-Fi LAN standards if the bandwidth
requirements are high, and power is plentiful

• Bluetooth
• There are IoT-specific revisions to the Bluetooth standard (Bluetooth 4.2 and
5.0)
• Bluetooth 5.1, released in January 2019, adds location tracking features,
mesh networking capabilities, and other improvements
• Compared with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth has less range, lower bandwidth, and
provides less power to IoT applications
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 IoT Networking Technologies
• Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and Thread
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• These technologies are based on IEEE 802.15.4, which

specifies low-bandwidth, low-power, and inexpensive devices
• 802.15.4 specifies the Physical and Data link layers , but
each technology differs at the upper layers
• Zigbee is used in home and building automation applications
to connect smart objects such as sensors, lighting, utility
meters, locks, and motion detectors
• 6LoWPAN uses IPv6 and is targeted to similar applications as
Zigbee
• Thread is built upon 6LoWPAN at the Network layer and
below, but it provides a mesh topology and a high level of
security

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 IoT Networking Technologies
• Z-Wave
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• Z-Wave is used primarily in home automation to wireless connect smart devices

such as locks, thermostats, lighting, and security systems
• It is a wireless mesh technology that allows devices to communicate with one
another and with a central control hub that serves as a gateway to the home Wi-
Fi network so devices can be controlled with smart home assistants and
smartphones

• LoRaWAN
• LoRaWAN is a low-power wide-area network technology that operates over a wide
range of frequencies under 1 GHz
• It can transmit up to 25 km under the right conditions

• It is ideal for applications that are battery driven and have low bandwidth
requirements
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 IoT Communications
Input Actuator
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Smart Device

Smart Phone
2 Ds
D ireles atio
n

D2D D2D W
Co mmu
nic

OR Wireless
Communication
Wireless
Communication

Web

Gateway End user

Sensor Cloud

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 What is IoT communications?
• IoT is connection of devices over
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

internet, where these smart devices

communicate with each other ,
exchange data , perform some tasks
without any human involvement.

• These devices are embedded with

electronics, software, network and
sensors which help in communication.

• Several technologies based on the IoT

are Radio-frequency Identification
(RFID), Near-Field Communication
(NFC), and WSNs.
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 What is used for IoT communications?
• Wi-Fi. Given its pervasiveness in
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home, commercial and industrial

buildings, Wi-Fi is a frequently
used IoT protocol.

• It offers fast data transfer and is

capable of processing large
amounts of data.

• Wi-Fi is particularly well suited

within LAN environments, with
short- to medium-range distances.
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 Wireless communication Technology
• Wireless communication technology has evolved to be an integral part of
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communication devices, no matter what they are used for.

• Examples of wireless devices:

• Cordless telephones,

• GPS units,

• wireless computer parts,

• satellite television,

• ZigBee,

• Near Field Communications (NFC),

• Infrared (IR),

• Cellular Connectivity, Wireless networking, WiMax, LoRa, Li-Fi , Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE
(BLE).
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 Number of Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices worldwide from
2019 to 2030, by communications technology
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https://www.statista.com/statistics/1194688/iot-connected-devices-communications-technology/
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 Limitations of wireless communication
Technology
• Examples:
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• Near Field Communication (NFC), as the name suggests,

allows a short range of less than 20 centimeters.

• Only very few cell phones support NFC as it has low

transmission capacity.

• Cellular Connectivity is a viable option for IoT devices with a

5G network connection, but it will require a SIM card and the
user must pay a subscription fee.

The best of the others may be Bluetooth LE (BLE) and Wi-Fi

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT Wireless Communication

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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)
Range on Networking

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 IoT Wireless Communication
• IoT Networks
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• IoT Bandwidth

• Wireless Communication
• Morse

• Radio

• Bluetooth

• Wi-Fi

• LoRa

• Li-Fi

• More
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 Wireless Communication devices: Antenna

An antenna is a device to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic waves.

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 Wireless Communication Types of IoT Antennas
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 UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT Wireless Communication

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 Wide Area Networks for IoT are
needed
• Because we want to communicate with IoT devices
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everywhere, the Wide Area Networks (WAN), are needed.

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 Example of WAN Networks
• Radio Stations:
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• Using High Power Energy (K Watt)

• Sends signals far from station

• IoT Networks needs:

• Using Low Power Energy

• Sends signals not far from transmitterWide Area Low Power

• Looking for sending signals far, using low power

energy!
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 Example of IoT Communication Wireless
Networks
Generation Year Introduced Capabilities Speed</TBT>
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

1G 1986 Analog voice calls on cell phones 2.4 kb/sec

2G 1991 Digital voice, text messaging 64 kb/sec

3G 2001 Mobile data, Internet connectivity 2 mb/sec

4G / LTE 2011 Enhanced speeds capable of 100 mb/sec

broadband video streaming

5 G / 6G 2020 , 2025 Fast data transfer, with minimal 1–10 Gbps

latency and ability to connect many 1000–up Gbps
IoT devices

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 IoT Bandwidth
• Bandwidth: Capacity of Channel Wide Area Low Power
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Bandwidth: The range of frequencies within a given

band, in particular that used for transmitting a signal.

• Bandwidth: Rate at which electronic signals can travel

through a medium, such as a wire, cable, or channel.

• Note: For sending signals via radio stations channels,

you should either Increase Power Energy of radio
station or Decrease Bandwidth!
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 Example for Bandwidth
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Bandwidth may be thought of

as the width of the 'pipe'
through which data travels:
greater the width, larger the
amount of data that can flow
through it.

• Morse communication sends

Smaller Bandwidth, lower capacity of channel!
characters less than 20
bit/second.
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 Bandwidth and Range
• NFC (Near Field Communication) Low BW and Low Range
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Bluetooth is using for small devices low Band and small

battery

• Wi-Fi Better BW and Low Range (1/4 watt power)

• Mobile 4G/LTE Good BW and Good Range (10 Km to 100 Km)

• Lora: Low BW but Long Range

w (no Limit by physics, but
Sender a Reciver
limited by human!!!
ll

• LoRa is closer to standard of mobile technology.

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 Bandwidth and Range
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LoRa

We are looking for Extremity Low BW and High Range, with low
power
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 Bandwidth and Range
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Relation
between
Bandwidth
and Range in
some of the
Wireless
Technologies.
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 How are the devices connected?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Most of the modern smart devices and

sensors can be connected to low
power wireless networks like Wi-Fi,
ZigBee, Bluetooth, Z-wave, LoRaWAN
etc…

• Each of these wireless technologies

has its own pros and cons in terms of
power, data transfer rate and overall
efficiency.
Find out top 5 wireless technologies for Internet of Things and 5G
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/ 40 /59
 How are the devices connected?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Developments in the low power, low-cost wireless

transmitting devices are promising in the area of
IoT due to its long battery life and efficiency.

• Latest protocols like 6LoWPAN- IPv6 over Low-

Power Wireless Personal Area Networks have been
adapted by many companies to implement energy
efficient data transmission for IoT networks.
Find out top 5 wireless technologies for Internet of Things and 5G
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-the-major-components-of-internet-of-things/ 41 /59
 D2D Communication
Input Actuator
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Smart Device

Smart Phone
2S
S less
i re nication
D2D D2S W
Co mmu

OR Wireless
Communication
Wireless
Communication

Web

Gateway End user

Sensor Cloud
ZigBee

42 /59
 Introduction: D2D communication
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• Analogous to the way humans use the Internet, devices will

be the main users on the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem.

• Therefore, device-to-device (D2D) communication is expected

to be an essential part of the IoT.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6725683/ 43 /59
 D2D communication
• Devices will communicate with each other autonomously
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without any centralized control and collaborate to gather,

share, and forward information in a multihope manner.

• The quality of the information gathered depends on how

smart the devices are.

• These communicating devices will operate with different

networking standards.

• Devices will require intelligent routing protocols in order to

achieve intelligent D2D communication.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6725683/ 44 /59
 Building Blocks and Technologies of IoT
• IoT Components
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• Computation
• Software
• Cloud enabled Platforms– Nimbits, Hadoop and many more

• Operating Systems – TinyOS, LiteOS, Android, Riot OS and ContikiOS

• Hardware
• Intel Galileo

• Arduino

• BeagleBone

• Phidgets

• Gadgeteer

• Cubieboard

• Smart Objects and Phones

• Raspberry Pi
https://phdservices.org/iot-project-topics/ 45 /59
 Building Blocks and Technologies of IoT
• Recognition
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• IP Address – Internet Protocol version 4 and 6

• Naming – uCode Electronic Product Code

• Wireless Communication Technologies

• WiFi and WiFiDirect
• Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE)
• IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Protocol
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
• LTE-Advance Pro
• Ultra-wideband (UWB)
• Z-wave and Bluetooth Technologies
• Near Field Communication (NFC)
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 Building Blocks and Technologies of IoT
• Semantic
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• Efficient XML Interchange (EXI)

• Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• Web Ontology Language (OWL)

• Smart Entities
• Embedded Devices
• Small Sensing Devices
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag
• Actuators
• Wearable Sensors

• Service
• Data Accumulation (Smart Electrical Grid)
• Mobile Service Identity-oriented (Shipping)
• Ubiquitous Smart Cities Services
• Cooperative-Aware Service (Home Automation)
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 IoT Communication Technologies
• Long-range Communication
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• Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)

• It employs small antennas for collecting broad / narrow band
information in satellite networking

• Low-Power Wide-Area Networking (LPWAN)

• It supports smooth data transmission in maximum coverage
area with an assurance of low power, cost and data rate.
• For instance: Narrowband-IoT, LoRaWan, RPMA, Sigfox and
more
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 IoT Communication Technologies
• Short-range Communication
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

• It utilizes electromagnetic waves to fetch the information and warehouse them in
tags

• Bluetooth Mesh
• It is constructed in the form of mesh topology on using Bluetooth low energy (BLE).

• Further, it supports conventional application models and large-scale nodes

• Wi-Fi Communication
• It is the LAN based technique which operates by means of IEEE 802.11 protocol.

• Here, the devices can independently interact with other or uses access points

• Z-Wave Technology
• Well-suited for smart home and security related applications

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 IoT Communication Technologies
• Short-range Communication
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) Communication

• It has similar characteristics of Wi-Fi technology.
• Also, it works on the principle of light-based communication in order to achieve
high bandwidth

• ZigBee Technology
• It is the PAN based techniques which operates by means of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.
• By the by, it has the benefits of minimum ( cost, bit rate, and power usage) and
maximum (throughput)

• Near-field communication (NFC)

• In the distance of 4 cm, it supports the communication among electrical hardware
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 IoT Communication Technologies
• Medium-range Communication
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• 5G Network
• Introduced to meet the end-to-end communication support which maximum needs of the IoT.

• Also, it facilitates to work with huge-scale devices in regardless of their moving nature

• LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)
• It is the upgraded version of LTE network which has ultra-speed message sharing in cellular
networks.

• Moreover, it has advantage of low delay, prolonged LTE coverage and high throughput

• For your awareness, here we have given the real-world IoT

applications which are based on proof-of-concept execution. Since most of
the researches is proved by means of experimental modeling and
analysis.
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 What is Wi-Fa?
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Wi-Fa is a technology
for wireless local area
networking with devices based
on the IEEE 802.11 standards.

• Wi-Fi is uses radio waves to

provide wireless high-speed
Internet and network
connections.

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 WiFi
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• A common misconception is
that the term Wi-Fi is short
for "wireless fidelity,"
however this is not the case.
Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked
phrase that means:

IEEE 802.11x.
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 WiFi Basics - Frequency
• If you are a laptop or a Smart phone user or carry any WiFi enabled
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

handset, the first thing you care about is the presence of WiFi
wherever you are.

• Its so simple for you to get connected to any WiFi network nearby
you and get instantly hooked up with the internet.

• Also, if you are a bit tech savvy, you would also possibly have a WiFi
network at your home which connects your laptop, your Tablet, your
home theater, may be a WiFi radio set and so on.

• Since you encounter WiFi everywhere during your day-to-day life, its
worthwhile to know some basic aspects of WiFi which will enable
you to make the best use of it.
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 WiFi Basics - Frequency
• When we say something is wireless,
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

basically means information is transferred

from one place to another using waves
which we can't see.

• These waves are called Electromagnetic

waves.

• Some of these waves are longer and some

are shorter.

• These waves are generally characterized

using a term called 'Frequency'.

• The chart below shows range of

electromagnetic waves and their usage.
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 WiFi Basics - Frequency
• WiFi works in frequency band of 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz also termed as
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

802.11g and 802.11n respectively.

• Each wave coming out of such WiFi device is around 1.25 cm long for
802.11g and 0.5 cm long for 802.11a.

• Also, you can see that radio stations work from a range of 600kHz to
1.6 MHz (AM ) and 88-108 MHz (FM) .

• The waves coming out of radio stations vary from 5 m to 500m.

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 Which One Should You Choose? BLE or Wi-Fi?

• BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) such as iBeacons or

UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

Beacons are used to send data over short distances.

• This wireless technology has become an alternative

for Wi-Fi, especially in IoT devices and apps.

• Some important factors that must be considered

when making the choice between BLE and Wi-Fi for
wireless communication.

iBeacon is a protocol developed by Apple and introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2013
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 Understanding IoT Protocols
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• How the data moves

from place to place
within the
1architecture.
Device to device
communications
2 Device to gateway connections

3 Gateway to data systems

4 Between the data systems
in the datacenter or cloud

https://solace.com/blog/use-cases/understanding-iot-protocols-matching-requirements-right-option 58 /59
 1Device to device communications
• When devices need to communicate with other devices, the
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use case likely requires that they receive data

instantaneously because the timeliness of the incoming data
is paramount.

• Examples of device-to-device communications include:

• Connected cars sharing information to cooperate for safer, more efficient
traffic flow.
• On the factory floor where industrial control systems, robots and sensors must
work together to ensure the safe, efficient assembly of components within
very specific parameters.

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 2 Device to gateway connections
• Each “thing” needs to send its data to an
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aggregating gateway node through what is

sometimes called the “fog” layer.

• Gateways perform two common functions.

• First, they consolidate and route data from sensor devices to the
appropriate data systems within the datacenter or cloud.
• Second, they can analyze or aggregate device data and forward
that data to the core systems and/or respond back to devices if a
time-sensitive exception condition is noticed.
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 3 Gateway to data systems
• The gateway is usually a much more capable computing
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

device than the sensor, with a reliable and fast network

connection.

• So here the determination of what message protocols

and qualities of service to use is driven not by the
gateway’s computing capabilities or connectivity, but
by data traffic patterns such as periodic bustiness and
congestion, number of concurrent connections
required, and security requirements.
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 Between the data systems in the
4 datacenter or cloud
• Within the secure datacenter, requirements such as integration
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

with existing applications, high throughput, high availability,

disaster recovery and ease of deployment become the critical
decision factors.

• Of course, this flow of data is bi-directional: while much more traffic

will “fan in” from device to gateway to datacenter, select data will
also “fan out” from datacenter to devices to initiate change or
adaptation of the “things”.

• An example would be a connected car whose navigation system

learns about a new accident and updates the navigation system
with new route data.
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 Understanding IoT Protocols
• When selecting messaging
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

protocols for IoT, you will want

to approach the challenge on a
connection-by-connection
basis.

• It is unlikely that you’ll be able

to choose just one protocol for
the end-to-end picture above
without compromising some
aspect of your system.

https://solace.com/blog/use-cases/understanding-iot-protocols-matching-requirements-right-option 63 /59
 What is IoT Protocols
• IoT communication protocols are modes of communication that protect and
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

ensure optimum security to the data being exchanged between connected

devices.

• The IoT devices are typically connected to the Internet via an IP (Internet
Protocol) network.

• However, devices such as Bluetooth and RFID allow IoT devices to connect locally.

• In these cases, there’s a difference in power, range, and memory used.

Connection through IP networks are comparatively complex, requires increased
memory and power from the IoT devices while the range is not a problem.

• These are the set of communication protocols typically used over the Internet.

• Using IoT network protocols, end-to-end data communication within the scope of
the network is allowed.
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 How many protocols are there in IoT?
• There are multiple IoT protocols available, with each one offering
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

certain capabilities or combinations of features that make it

preferable over other options for specific IoT deployments.

• Each IoT protocol enables either device-to-device, device-to-

gateway or device-to-cloud/data center communication -- or
combinations of those communications.

• Factors such as geographic and special location, power

consumption needs, battery-operated options, the presence of
physical barriers and cost determine which protocol is optimal in
an IoT deployment.
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 Application Protocols used in IoT
• Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
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• Data Distribution Service (DDS)

• Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

• MQTT for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN)

• Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

• HTTP based Representational State Transfer (REST)

• Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)

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 IoT System Protocols
• Link Layer: IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Device or Physical Layer

• Electronic Product Code Global

• Z-Wave Scheme

• LTE Advanced (LTE-A)

• Network Layer: IPv6 or IPv4

• Routing Layer
• Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)

• IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN)

• Service Discovery
• DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD)

• multicast DNS (mDNS)

• Other Protocols
• IEEE 1905.1 Standard

• IP Security (IPSec)

• IEEE 1888.3 Standard

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 The most common IoT Protocols
• The most common include the following.
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• DDS.

• LoRa and LoRaWAN.

• LWM2M.

• MQTT.

• Wi-Fi.

• XMPP.

• Zigbee.

• Z-Wave. Another proprietary option, Z-Wave is a wireless mesh network

communication protocol built on low-power radio frequency technology.
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 Protocols for IoT
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-15/ftp/iot_prot/#standards
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 What is ZigBee?
• ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

high-level communication protocols used to

create personal area networks with small, low-
power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical
device data collection, and other low-power low-bandwidth
needs, designed for small scale projects which need
wireless connection.

• Hence, ZigBee is a low-power, low data

rate, and close proximity (i.e., personal

area) wireless ad hoc network (hoc network:
decentralized type of wireless network).

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 Protocol IEEE 802.11
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Protocol IEEE 802.11 is

Wireless USB Wifi Adapter
a set of media access control (MAC) and 802.11AC/600Mbps
physical layer (PHY) specifications for
implementing wireless local area network
(WLAN) computer communication in the
900 MHz and 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz
frequency bands.

• The standard and amendments provide

the basis for wireless network products
using the Wi-Fi brand.

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 Understand each of commonly used protocols

• MQTT
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• MQ Telemetry Transport is an
open standard protocol
maintained by OASIS, designed
for IoT communications over
TCP. There are currently two
versions in use, MQTT 3.1.1
and MQTT 5.0. (MQTT was
developed to meet device to
gateway messaging requirements
and doesn’t meet most needs of
gateway to a datacenter or intra-
datacenter connections).

https://solace.com/blog/use-cases/understanding-iot-protocols-matching-requirements-right-option 72 /59
 Understand each of commonly used protocols

• JMS
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Java Message Service is a 15-year-old

messaging standard first defined by Sun
Microsystems, widely used to integrate
server applications like databases,
analytics engines and business process
automation engines with a message
bus.
• JMS defines a standard set of APIs but
does not specify a protocol.
• That means you can choose from among
many JMS providers, but different JMS
stacks do not interoperate on the wire.
• JMS is primarily used with Java
applications.

https://solace.com/blog/use-cases/understanding-iot-protocols-matching-requirements-right-option 73 /59
 Understand each of commonly used protocols

• JMS makes sense for gateway to datacenter connections, and

UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

within the datacenter. JMS is by far the most widely used

datacenter messaging stack within enterprises today, and the
most widely embedded messaging API across the tools like
analytics engines, process engines, and monitoring platforms.

• If you have a well-established JMS footprint, it may make sense

to continue – it’s proven, it’s easy and it requires the least
change to existing systems. If you have a greenfield
application, or your toolset can as easily support AMQP or JMS,
many architects will choose AMQP over JMS today for reasons
I’ll explain next.

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 Understand each of commonly used protocols

• AMQP
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Advanced Message Queueing Protocol is a

wire-level binary protocol that allows any
AMQP client to communicate with any other
AMQP server, regardless of programming
languages or platforms.
• Although AMQP may not be suitable for
sensor devices with limited memory, power or
network bandwidth, it’s the only protocol
viable for end-to-end use for select IoT use
cases.
• For example, in Industrial IoT, such as factory
machinery or SCADA systems where the
device and its network are substantially
capable.

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 Understand each of commonly used protocols
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• It is worth noting that one of the most

popular APIs used with AMQP is JMS. This
means that if you currently rely on tools that
provide JMS integration at the API level, by
choosing an AMQP protocol/broker
accessible via JMS, you can migrate towards
AMQP without recoding applications. I’ll
write more about this important concept in
the future – stay tuned.
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 Understand each of commonly used protocols

• REST
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• RESTful interactions rely on HTTP methods, which

means no client library is required on the client
side.

• This could be useful for a very simple

device/sensor that only requires one-way
(outbound) communication because it means any
service that can receive RESTful POSTs can receive
data from that sensor.

• The trade-off is that you don’t get any of the

behavior of a messaging protocol. If the server is
unavailable or backlogged, data from the sensor
will be lost, unless the sensor application handles
buffering and retries in the application code.

• There are benefits to a messaging protocol in an

end-to-end system like an IoT application which
has previously been discussed above.

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 Understand each of commonly used protocols

• CoAP
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Constrained Application Protocol is based on a

subset of HTTP methods like REST but adds
limited quality of service and works with UDP
only, not TCP.

• It was designed for constrained device

connectivity in the early days of IoT’s emergence
– it stands for “Constrained Application Protocol.”

• Since MQTT’s arrival as a standard, with its equal

handling of constrained devices, and much
broader feature set beyond that, few people are
choosing CoAP for new efforts. You are likely to
choose CoAP only if it is the embedded choice for
a sensor device, and you must support an
application that already uses it.

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 Understand each of commonly used protocols

• DDS
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Data Distribution Service was designed to

connect devices to other devices with
minimal overhead.

• DDS implementations have direct device-to-

device “data bus”.

• To use DDS, you create a set of topics, with

their own data types. Instead of relying on a
message broker, data publishers and
consumers get matched through the data
bus based on their types, topics and quality
of service (QoS) parameters.

• Also, it can run over UDP (multicast), TCP,

shared memory, and other proprietary
networks. Instead of relying on the transport
layer for reliability, it has its own per-stream
reliability protocol 79 /59
 Building an End-to-End Strategy
• Device to device communications
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• A non-TCP transport layer such as UDP is desired here. Among the protocols mentioned
above, MQTT-SN, CoAP and DDS support UDP multicast.

• Device to gateway connections

• MQTT is best suited if a device or “thing” is very limited in its power, processing, memory or
network capacity.

• Gateway to data systems

• JMS may be the right choice here if existing datacenter’s applications already use JMS as
their messaging service.

• Between data systems in the datacenter or cloud

• The most important consideration for any messaging protocol in the datacenter will be to
integrate seamlessly with the existing applications’ messaging service(s). Today this is most
commonly JMS simply because it is so pervasive, although newer applications may use AMQP
(possibly under a JMS API)
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 Top 10 Research Ideas for IoT Project Topics
• Performance Evaluation in Computational Computing
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• Intelligent Signal processing in IoT Network

• Heterogenous Device and Network Connectivity

• New Privacy and Security Challenges in IoT

• CRN based IoT in Fog-Edge Computing

• Lightweight network-aware Edge Applications in 5G Network

• IoT Enabling Technologies in Business Community

• Trust based Innovative IoT Applications

• Smart IoT applications: Smart Home and Smart Cities

• Secure and Energy Efficient IoT enabled Fog-Edge System

• Environmental Scenario Analysis and Results Assessment

• Data Transmission Routing and Services in WSN-Ad Hoc

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 Conclusion
• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be
analyzed or analyzed locally.

• Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act
on the information they get from one another.

• Communication and protocols are an important parts of an IoT ecosystems.

• This communication happens via IoT protocols, which ensure that data sent
from endpoint devices, such as sensors, is received and understood by the
next and subsequent steps in the connected environment, whether the
next step for that data is to another endpoint device or a gateway or an
application.

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 References
• TECHNOLOGIES & PROTOCOLS FOR IOT
UoNA-INST560 – Internet of Things (IoT)

• https://webstor.srmist.edu.in/web_assets/downloads/2021/com
munication-technologies-for-iot.pdf

• IoT Network Setup (27 Minutes)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGBobTInIBc

• Top 10 IoT Protocols you should know in 2022 (10 min)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh1VSum3A5U&t=18s

• An Intro to IoT Protocols: MQTT, CoAP, HTTP & Web Sockets

(53 min)
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