LES 3 en 4 Stoomketels

Stoomketels:
LES 3 en 4
Mickey F. Pocornie MSc, BTech
Introduction
Why do we use steam?
 Transport and provision of energy
 Benefits
◦ Efficient and economic to generate

◦ Easy to distribute
◦ Easy to control
◦ Easily transferred to the process
◦ Steam plant easy to manage
◦ Flexible
 Alternatives are hot water and oils
2
Steam systems have many end uses in
hospitals; radiators, heat exchangers,
humidification but probably none as critical
as Steam Sterilizers
Introduction
What is steam?
 Molecule: smallest of any
compound
 Water = H2O
◦ two hydrogen atoms (H)

◦ one oxygen atom (O)
 Three physical states
◦ solid: ice
◦ liquid: water
◦ vapour: steam
4
Introduction
What is steam?
 Triple point: ice, water and steam in
equilibrium
 Ice: molecules can only vibrate
 Water: moleculMolecule: smallest of any
compound
 Water = H2O
◦ two hydrogen atoms (H)
◦ one oxygen atom (O)
 Three physical states
◦ solid: ice
◦ liquid: water
◦ vapour: steames are free to move but close together
 Steam: molecules are furthest apart 5
Introduction
What is steam?
 Steam saturation curve
Superheated steam
Sub-saturated water
Steam Saturation Curve (Spirax Sarco)

6
Introduction
What is steam - Enthalpy
 Enthalpy of water (hf)
◦ Heat required to raise temperature from
0oC to current temperature
 Enthalpy of evaporation (hfg)
◦ Heat required to change water into
steam at boiling point
 Enthalpy of saturated steam (hg)
◦ Total energy in saturated steam
hg = hf + hfg
7
Introduction
What is steam – Dryness fraction
 Dry saturated steam: T = boiling
point
 Steam: mixture of water droplets and
steam
 Dryness fraction (x) is 0.95 if water
content of steam = 5%
 Actual enthalpy of evaporation =
dryness fraction X specific enthalpy

hfg
8
Introduction
What is steam?
Temperature Enthalpy Phase Diagram (Spirax Sarco) 9

Introduction
Steam quality
Steam should be available

 In correct quantity
 At correct temperature
 Free from air and incondensable
gases
 Clean (no scale / dirt)
 Dry
10
Another view of a Steam System
L oads
Radiators, Sterilizers
Heat Exc hangers, etc
Steam
Header Steam
T raps
BOIL ER
Condensate
Return
P iping
(T reated)
Make up w ater
Deaerator
Condensate
Return T ank
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
3. Provide dry steam for process
 Dry saturated steam is best steam

◦ Wet steam reduces total heat in steam
and prevents heat transfer
◦ Superheated steam gives up heat at
slower rate
 Achieve dry steam by
◦ Proper boiler treatment
◦ Boiler operation
◦ Pipeline insulation
◦ Separators on steam pipelines
12
Energy Efficiency
Opportunities
10. Improved condensate recovery
 Energy in condensate lower than energy in

steam but worth recovering:
Every 6oC rise in the feed water temperature
= 1% fuel savings in the boiler
(Spirax Sarco)
13
Watertube boiler
 steam and water circulate through drums
and small diameter tubes, gases of
combustion pass around them
 more commonly used, lighter, occupies less

space and has increased efficiency (higher
pressure and temperature)
Watertube boiler
Watertube boiler
 main boiler
 donkey (auxiliary) boiler
 low, intermediate, high pressure b.
 single-drum b., two-drum b., three-drum b.
 vertical b., horizontal b.
 single-flow b., double-flow b.
Superheater
 consists of headers and superheater tubes
 converts saturated steam into dry steam
The Theory of Producing Steam
 Water boils and evaporates at 100°C under atmospheric
pressure.
 By higher pressure, water evaporates at higher
temperature - e.g. a pressure of 10 bar equals an
evaporation temperature of 184°C.
 During the evaporation process, pressure and
temperature are constant, and a substantial amount of
thermal energy is used for bringing the water from liquid
to vapour phase.
 When all the water is evaporated, the steam is called dry
saturated.
 In this condition the steam contains a large amount of
latent heat.
 Further heating of dry saturated steam will lead to
increase in temperature of the steam.
 Superheated steam.
Steam generator versus steam boiler
 Opposite the principle of the steam boilers, the
water in the steam generators evaporates inside
the tube winded up into serial connected tube
coils.
 The feed water is heated up to the evaporation
temperature and then evaporated.
 The intensity of the heat, the feed water flow and
the size/length of the tube are adapted, so that
the water is exactly fully evaporated at the exit of
the tube.
 This ensures a very small water and steam
volume (content of the pressure vessel).
 Thus there are no buffer in a steam generator,
and is it temporary overloaded.
 The advantages using a steam generator
compare to conventional steam boilers.
Steam Generation Theory
 Within the boiler, fuel and air are

force into the furnace by the
burner.
 There, it burns to produce heat.
 From there, the heat (flue gases)
travel throughout the boiler.
 The water absorbs the heat, and
eventually absorb enough to
change into a gaseous state -
steam.
 To the left is the basic theoretical
design of a modern boiler.
 Boiler makers have developed
various designs to squeeze the
most energy out of fuel and to
maximized its transfer to the
water.
 Water enters the boiler, preheated, at the top.
 The hot water naturally circulates through the tubes down
to the lower area where it is hot.
 The water heats up and flows back to the steam drum
where the steam collects.
 Not all the water gets turn to steam, so the process starts
again.
 Water keeps on circulating until it becomes steam.
 Meanwhile, the control system is taking the temperature
of the steam drum, along with numerous other readings,
to determine if it should keep the burner burning, or shut
it down.
 As well, sensors control the amount of water entering the
boiler, this water is know as feedwater.
 Feedwater is not your regular drinking water.
 It is treated with chemicals to neutralize various minerals
in the water, which untreated, would cling to the tubes
clogging or worst, rusting them.
 This would make the boiler expensive to operate because
it would not be very efficient.
 On the fire side of the boiler, carbon deposit resulting from
improper combustion or impurities in the fuel can accumulate
on the outer surface of the water tube.
 This creates an insulation which quickly decrease the energy
transfer from the heat to the water.
 To remedy this problem the engineer will carry out soot blowing.
At a specified time the engineer uses a long tool and insert it
into the fire side of the boiler.
 This device, which looks like a lance, has a tip at the end which
"blows" steam.
 This blowing action of the steam "scrubs" the outside of the
water tubes, cleaning the carbon build up.
 Water tube boilers can have pressures from 7 bar to as high as
250 bar.
 The steam temperature's can vary between saturated steam,
100 degrees Celsius steam with particle of water, or be as high
as 600 - 650 degrees Celsius, know as superheated steam or
dry steam
 The performance of boiler is generally referred to as tons of
steam produced in one hour.
 In water tube boilers that could be as low as 1.5 t/hr to as high
as 2500 t/hr.
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers are normally well-insulated devices that allow energy

exchange between hot and cold fluids without mixing the fluids. The
pumps, fans, and blowers causing the fluids to flow across the control
surface are normally located outside the control surface.
23
Why is proper condensate
drainage important?
Water hammer!
Result of a drip trap being removed, that was

draining a 100 psig line, before a valve
Ineffective vs Proper Drain Points
Steam
Flow
Condensate
Cross Section
Correct

Full
Diameter Steam Trap Set
Pocket
Steam
Flow
Cross Section
Incorrect Steam Trap Set

Steam System Troubleshooting
Steam Trap Testing

 Visual *
 Temperature **
 Ultrasonic ***
 Continuous monitoring systems ****
• conductivity
Steam System Troubleshooting
 Belts & suspenders
• Steam separators & filters
Wet Dry Steam

Steam
Condensate Outlet
Pipe and duct flow
The flow of fluids through pipes and ducts is often a steady-state, steady-
flow process. We normally neglect the kinetic and potential energies;
however, depending on the flow situation, the work and heat transfer may
or may not be zero.
Example 5-10
In a simple steam power plant, steam leaves a boiler at 3 MPa, 600oC, and
enters a turbine at 2 MPa, 500oC. Determine the in-line heat transfer from
the steam per kilogram mass flowing in the pipe between the boiler and
the turbine. Q out
Steam
to
1 turbine
Steam 2
Control
from
surfac
boiler
e
Control Volume: Pipe section in which the heat loss occurs.
Property Relation: Steam tables
Process: Steady-flow
Conservation Principles:
30
e use the steam tables to determine the enthalpies at the two states as
T1 600o C  kJ
h
 1  3682.8
P1 3 MPa  kg
T2 500o C  kJ
 h2 3468.3
P2 2 MPa  kg
qout h1  h2
kJ
(3682.8  3468.3)
kg
kJ
214.5
kg
Example 5-11
Air at 100oC, 0.15 MPa, 40 m/s, flows through a converging duct with a
mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s. The air leaves the duct at 0.1 MPa, 113.6 m/s.
The exit-to-inlet duct area ratio is 0.5. Find the required rate of heat
transfer to the air when no work is done by the air.
31

LES 3 en 4 Stoomketels

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LES 3 en 4 Stoomketels

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LES 3 en 4 Stoomketels

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stoomketels:

◦ Efficient and economic to generate

◦ two hydrogen atoms (H)

Steam Saturation Curve (Spirax Sarco)

dryness fraction X specific enthalpy

Temperature Enthalpy Phase Diagram (Spirax Sarco) 9

Steam should be available

 Dry saturated steam is best steam

 Energy in condensate lower than energy in

 more commonly used, lighter, occupies less

 Within the boiler, fuel and air are

Heat exchangers are normally well-insulated devices that allow energy

Result of a drip trap being removed, that was

Incorrect Steam Trap Set

Steam Trap Testing

Wet Dry Steam

Property Relation: Steam tables

You might also like