COMBUSTION IN SI
ENGINE
GROUP MEMBERS;
1. PRACHUR UPADHYAY
2. PRAKHAR PANDEY
3. PRAKHAR BORKAR
4. PRAKHAR SHRIVAS
5. Gayathri Chowdary Pokuri
combustion
Combustion is defined as relatively rapid combination of hydrogen and carbon in
the fuel with the oxygen in the air, resulting in liberation of energy in the form of
heat
In a SI engine , the fuel and air are homogeneously mixed together in the intake
system , and mixes with residual gases in the cylinder and is then compressed
Following condition are necessary for combustion:
1. A combustible mixture
2. some means to initiate combustion
3. stabilization and propagation of flame in the combustion chamber
combustion in the SI engine may be broadly classified into two types namely
normal combustion and abnormal combustion.
NORMAL COMBUSTION :-
The combustion process can be imagined as if developing in the following two
stages
1. The growth and development of a self propagating nucleus of flame.
2. The spread of the flame throughout the combustion chamber
STAGES OF COMBUSTION IN SI ENGINE
Sir Ricardo described the process of combustion
in three stages.
In this figure the point a- represents the point of
passage of spark, b- represents the point at
which the Beginning of pressure rise can be
detected and c- represents the attainment of
peakthe
Here pressure.
AB –represents the first stage , BC –
second stage, CD- third stage respectively.
The first stage(AB) is referred to as the ignition
stage or preparation stage in which growth and
developement of a self propagating nucleus of
flame takes place.
The second stage (BC) is concerned with the
spread of flame throught the combustion
chamber. The starting point of second stage is
where the first measurable rise of pressure is
seen on the indicator diagram.
The third stage (CD) , the starting point of the
third stage is usually taken as the instant at
which the maximum pressure is reached on the
indicator diagram. The flame velocity decreases
EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLE ON
FLAME PROPAGATION
Fuel-air ratio: when the mixture is made enriched an still more, the
velocity of flame diminishes
Compression ratio: the speed of combustion increases with increase
of compression ratio
Intake temperature and pressure: Increase in intake temperature and
pressure increases the flame speed
Turbulence
FACTORE AFFECTING NORMAL
COMBUSTION IN SI ENGINE
Induction pressure: increase in pressure decreases delay period and tendency to
detonate increases. to avoid detonation,ignition must be earlier at low pressure
Ignition timing: If ignition is too early the peak pressure will occur too early and
the work transfer falls.
Mixture strength: Although the stoichiometric ratio should give best result the
effect of dissociation is to make a slightly rich mixture necessary for maximum
transfer
Compression ratio: An increase in compression ratio increases the temperature
and pressure at the end of the compression stroke, that increases the tendency
to detonate.
Molecular Structure of fuel:compact structure has lower tendency to detonate
temperature of self ignition: lower self ignition temperature are less detonating
ABNORMAL COMBUSTION
The first is pre ignition or post ignition of the mixture by incandescent
carbon particles in the chamber. This will have the effect of reducing
work the work transfer
The second abnormality is generally known as knock and is complex
condition with many facts.
EFFECT OF ENGINE VARIABLE ON
IGNITION LAG
Ignition lag is not a period of inactivity but is chemical process
1. It depend on the chemical nature of the fuel. Higher the self ignition
temperature of fuel longer the ignition lag.
2. Initial temperature and pressure: Ignition lag is reduced if initial
temperature and pressure are increased
3. Turbulence: Ignition lag is not much affected by true turbulence
PRE IGNITION
It is the ignition of the homogenous mixture in the cylinder, before
timed ignition spark occur caused by local overheating of combustion
engine
Pre ignition is initiated by overheated projecting part such as the
exhaust valve head, metal corners in the combustion chamber
EFFECTS OF PRE IGNITION
It increases the tendency of detonation in the engine
Pre ignition is a serious type of abnormal combustion. It increases the
heat transfer to cylinder wall
Pre ignition in a single cylinder engine will result in a steady reduction
in speed and power output
DETONATION OR KNOCKING
A sudden rise of pressure during combustion accompanied by metallic
hammer like sound is called detonation
The region in which detonation occurs is farthest removed from the
sparking plug, and is named the detonation zone
It is the spontaneous combustion of remaining air/fuel mixture in the
chamber after spark combustion
The temperature of the end charge also increases due to heat transfer
from the hot advancing flame front also some preflame oxidation may
take place in end charge leading to further increase in temprature
If the end charge reaches its auto ignition temperature and remains
for some time to complete the preflame reaction, charge will
autoignite leading to knocking combustion
“Detonation is the
cause and knocking is
the after effect”
EFFECTS OF DETONATION
Noise and roughness
Mechanical damage
Carbon deposit
Increase in heat transfer
Pre ignition
FACTOR AFFECTING DETONATION
Fuel choice
Induction pressure
Engine speed
Ignition timing
Mixture strength
Compression ratio
PERFORMANCE NUMBER
Performance number is useful measure of detonation tendency. It has
been developed from conception of knock limited indicated mean
effective pressure, when inlet pressure is used as the dependent
variable
PERFORMANCE RATIO: (klimep of test fuel)/(klimep of iso-octane)
The highest useful compression ratio is the highest compression ratio
employed at which a fuel can be used in a specified engine under
specified set of operating conditions at which detonation first
becomes with both the ignition and mixture strength adjusted to give
the highest efficiency
