MS.

Noor ul Ain

Functional
English
Class Policy Grading Policy
 1. The students must reach the class-  Grading Policy Mid -Term Exam /
room in time. Late comers may join the Internal Evaluation (50
class but are not entitled to be marked Marks) Final Term Exam /
“Present”.
 External Evaluation (50 Marks)
 2. Attendance shall be marked at the start
of the class. Students failing to secure  Mid-Term Exam 25
75% attendance shall not be allowed to Marks
sit in the Final Examination.

 Class participation 05
3. The assignment submission dead-line
must be observed. In case of late Marks
submission, 10% marks may be deducted  Major Assignment 10
for each day.
Marks
 4. Those who are absent on the
announcement date of the assignment /
 Major Assignment
test, must get the topic / chapter of the  / Presentation 10 Marks
test / assignment confirmed through their
peers.
 5. Mobile phones must be switched-off in  Final Term Exam /
the class-rooms.
 External Evaluation (50 Marks)
 6. Students MUST carry the source
handbook.
 Course Objective

 To enhance language skills.

 To develop communication & presentation skills of

the students.
 Suggested book(s)

 Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V.

 Martinet. Exercises 1. Third edition. Oxford University

Press.1997. ISBN 0194313492

 Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V.

 Martinet. Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University

Press.1997. ISBN 0194313506
 Source Book for class

 John Eastwood -- Oxford Practice Grammar

 Grammar & Composition by Wren & Martin

Web source

 BBC. (2013) Learning English.

 http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/
 British Council. Learn English.
 http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/
 British Council and BBC. Learn English.
 http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/
 Grammar software free download: 3D Grammar
English.
 http://freesoftwarepc.biz/educational-software/
 download-free-software-3d-grammar-English-portable/
 Topic:Parts of speech

Assignment: Practice Identification of each

part of speech in unknown sentences and
paragraphs.
Hint: Newspapers
A part of speech (also called a word class) is a
category that describes the role a word plays in a
sentence. Understanding the different parts of speech
can help you analyse how words function in a sentence
and improve your writing.

 The parts of speech are classified differently in different

grammars, but most traditional grammars list eight parts
of speech in English.
 nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
prepositions,
conjunctions, and interjections. Some modern grammars
add others, such as determiners and articles.
A noun is a word that refers to a person, concept, place, or thing. Nouns can
act as the subject of a sentence (i.e., the person or thing performing the action)
or as the object of a verb (i.e., the person or thing affected by the action).

 There are numerous types of  Other types of nouns include

nouns, including countable and uncountable noun
common nouns (used to refer s
to nonspecific people, concepts, , concrete nouns, abstract nouns
places, or things), , and gerunds.
proper nouns (used to refer to  Examples:
specific people, concepts,
places, or things), and • I’ve never read that book.
collective nouns (used to refer • Ella lives in France.
to a group of people or things).
• The band played only
new songs.
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Pronouns typically refer back to an
antecedent (a previously mentioned noun) and must demonstrate correct
pronoun-antecedent agreement. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, places,
concepts, and things.

 There are numerous types of  Examples:

pronouns, including  I don’t really know her.
personal pronouns (used in
place of the proper name of a  That is a horrible painting!
person),  Who owns the nice car?
demonstrative pronouns
(used to refer to specific things
and indicate their relative
position), and
interrogative pronouns (used
to introduce questions about
things, people, and ownership).
A verb is a word that describes an action (e.g., “jump”), occurrence (e.g.,
“become”), or state of being (e.g., “exist”). Verbs indicate what the subject of a
sentence is doing. Every complete sentence must contain at least one verb.

 Verbs can change form depending  Other types of verbs include

on subject (e.g., first person auxiliary verbs, linking verbs,
singular), tense (e.g., simple modal verbs, and phrasal verbs.
past), mood (e.g., interrogative),
 Examples: Regular and irregular
and voice (e.g., passive voice).
verbs
 Regular verbs are verbs whose
simple past and  “Will you check if this book is in
past participle are formed by stock?”
adding“-ed” to the end of the  “I’ve already checked twice.”
word (or “-d” if the word already
ends in “e”). Irregular verbs are  “I heard that you used to sing.”
verbs whose simple past and past  “Yes! I sang in a choir for 10
participles are formed in some
years.”
other way.
An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. Adjectives can
be attributive, appearing before a noun (e.g., “a red hat”), or predicative,
appearing after a noun with the use of a linking verb like “to be” (e.g., “the hat is
red”).

 Adjectives can also have a  Other types of adjectives

comparative function. include coordinate adjectives,
Comparative adjectives participial adjectives, and
compare two or more denominal adjectives.
things. Superlative  Examples: Adjectives in a
adjectives describe something
sentence
as having the most or least of a
specific characteristic.  The dog is bigger than the cat.
 He is the laziest person I know
An adverb is a word that can modify a verb, adjective, adverb, or sentence. Adverbs
are often formed by adding “-ly” to the end of an adjective (e.g., “slow” becomes
“slowly”), although not all adverbs have this ending, and not all words with this
ending are adverbs.

 There are numerous types of  Other types of adverbs include

adverbs, including adverbs of frequency,
adverbs of manner (used to adverbs of purpose,
describe how something focusing adverbs, and
occurs), adverbs of degree adverbial phrases.
(used to indicate extent or  Examples: Adverbs in a
degree), and adverbs of place
sentence
(used to describe the location of
an action or event).  Ray acted rudely.
 Talia writes quite quickly.
 Let’s go outside!
A preposition is a word (e.g., “at”) or phrase (e.g., “on top of”)
used to show the relationship between the different parts of a
sentence. Prepositions can be used to indicate aspects such
as time, place, and direction.

 A single preposition can often  Examples: Prepositions in a

describe many different sentence
relationships, depending upon  Hasan is coming for dinner at 6
how it’s used. For example, “in”
p.m.
can indicate time (“in January”),
location (“in the garage”),  I left the cup on the kitchen
purpose (“in reply”), and so on. counter.
 Carey walked to the shop.
A conjunction is a word used to connect different parts of a
sentence (e.g., words, phrases, or clauses).

 The main types of conjunctions  Examples: Conjunctions in a

are sentence
coordinating conjunctions  Daria likes
(used to connect items that are
swimming and hiking.
grammatically equal),
subordinating conjunctions  You can choose what movie we
(used to introduce a dependent watch because I chose the last
clause), and time.
correlative conjunctions  We can either go out for
(used in pairs to join dinner or go to the theater.
grammatically equal parts of a
sentence).
An interjection is a word or phrase used to express a feeling, give a command,
or greet someone. Interjections are a grammatically independent part of speech,
so they can often be excluded from a sentence without affecting the meaning.

 Types of interjections include  Examples: Interjections in a

volitive interjections (used to sentence
make a demand or request),  Psst. What time is it?
emotive interjections (used to
express a feeling or reaction),  Ouch! I hurt my arm.
cognitive interjections (used  I’m, um, not sure.
to indicate thoughts), and
greetings and parting words  Hey! How are you doing?
(used at the beginning and end
of a conversation).
 Other parts of
speech
The traditional classification of English words into
eight parts of speech is by no means the only one
or the objective truth. Grammarians have often
divided them into more or fewer classes. Other
commonly mentioned parts of speech include
determiners and articles.
A determiner is a word that describes a noun by
indicating quantity, possession, or relative position.

 Common types of determiners  Examples: Determiners in a

include sentence
demonstrative determiners  This chair is more comfortable
(used to indicate the relative
than that one.
position of a noun),
possessive determiners (used  My brother is selling his old car.
to describe ownership), and  Many friends of mine have part-
quantifiers (used to indicate time jobs.
the quantity of a noun).
 Note: In the traditional eight parts of
 Other types of determiners speech, these words are usually
include distributive determiners classed as adjectives, or in some cases
, determiners of difference, and as pronouns.
numbers.
An article is a word that modifies a noun by
indicating whether it is specific or general.

 The definite article the is used  NoteWhile articles are often

to refer to a specific version of a considered their own part of
noun. The can be used with all speech, they are also frequently
countable and uncountable noun classed as a type of determiner
s (or, in some grammars, as a
(e.g., “the door,” “the energy,” type of adjective).
“the mountains”).
 Examples: Definite and
 The indefinite indefinite articles in a sentence
articles a and an refer to
 I live just outside of the town.
general or unspecific nouns. The
indefinite articles can only be  There’s a concert this weekend.
used with singular countable  Karl made an offensive gesture.
nouns (e.g., “a poster,” “an
engine”).
 Question
s

 What part of speech is “a”?

 What part of speech is “in”?

 What part of speech is

“and”?
A is an indefinite article (along with an). While articles can be classed as their own part of speech,
they’re also considered a type of determiner.
The indefinite articles are used to introduce nonspecific countable nouns (e.g., “a dog,” “an
island”).

In is primarily classed as a preposition, but it can be classed as various other parts of speech,
depending on how it is used:
Preposition (e.g., “in the field”)
Noun (e.g., “I have an in with that company”)
Adjective (e.g., “Tim is part of the in crowd”)
Adverb (e.g., “Will you be in this evening?”)

As a part of speech, and is classed as a conjunction. Specifically, it’s

a coordinating conjunction.
And can be used to connect grammatically equal parts of a sentence, such as two
nouns (e.g., “a cup and plate”), or two adjectives (e.g., “strong and
smart”). And can also be used to connect phrases and clauses.
Any question?