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Anwesha Patra

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TOPIC:

TRIBES OF INDIA

SANTAL/SANTHAL
Name- Anwesha patra
Class- v . Sec A, roll no- 2
INTRODUCTION:
• The Santal, or Santhal, are an ethnic group native to India and
Bangladesh in South Asia. Santals are the largest tribe in the
Jharkhand state of India in terms of population and are also found
in the states of Assam, Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal. They are
the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's Rajshahi
Division and Rangpur Division. They have a sizeable population in
Nepal and Bhutan. The Santals mostly speak Santali, the most
widely spoken of the Munda languages.

• The word ‘Santal’ is derived from two words; Santa meaning


calm and peaceful and ala meaning man .In the past, the Santals
were leading a nomadic life. Gradually they came to settle down in
the Chotanagpur plateau.
HISTORY:
• According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Austro-Asiatic language speakers
probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years
ago. The Austroasiatic speaker spread from Southeast Asia and mixed
extensively with local Indian populations.
PEOPLE
• Santhals have long head and flat nose. Their complexion varies from dark
brown to black in colour. Santhals usually have curly hair.

SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING


• The Santal village is surrounded by agricultural fields, pastures,
ponds, graveyard and a common place of worship known as jaher era or
jaher in short. Located at the village outskirts the jaher is the sacred
groove comprising of sal trees within which their deities are believed to
be residing. • Usually, the Santal villages are large and the number of
households vary from fifty to hundred. Their houses enclosed within
boundaries are arranged in a linear pattern on both the sides of a wide
village street. • Santal houses called olah are large, neat and clean as
well as attractive with multi-coloured paintings on the outside walls.
The bottom of the wall is painted with black soil, the middle portion
with white soil and the upper portion with red soil. The houses are multi
roomed and thatched with local tiles (khapar) or straw (busub). The
walls are made of wooden planks plastered with cow dung and mud.
HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES
• • The household objects like string cots,
husking lever (ukhud), winnowing fans
(hatah), gourd ladles, earthen pots
(hulutukuj), bamboo baskets (tunki),
paddy containers (bandi), broomsticks
(janah), different types of musical
instruments like flute (tiriau), horn
trumpets (sakua), string instruments
(banam), double membrane drums -
tumdah, dhak, agricultural implements
like plough (nahel), yoke (aran), leveler
(angam), sickles (datram), hunting
implements like bow (aah) and arrow
(sar), spear (barchi), sacrificial axe
(kapi), knife (chaku), fishing traps like
jhimiri, tardang, janjih and dhokra
objects are found in a Santal house.
DRESS AND ORNAMENTS
• The traditional dress pattern and personal adornment of the Santal
distinguish them from the other communities. The male members wear hand
loom loin cloth (kacha), banion, shirts and napkin(gamchha) and women wear
green or blue check saree (jhelah). But now-a-days they are using the mill
made clothes.
FOOD & DRINKS
• Rice is their staple food. Usually they take watered rice (baskemandidaka)
with boiled green leaves (alahkorha) and vegetable curry. They consume
vegetables like brinjal (bengal), pumpkin (kahanda), papaya (jada), ladies
finger (bhundi), tomato (bilati), sweet potato (sankarkenda), etc. and the non-
veg foods like fish (haku), meat (zil), crab (katkom) and dry fish (rahalhaku).
RELIGION
• In the Santal religion, the majority of reverence falls on a court of spirits
(Bonga), who handle different aspects of the world and who are placated with
prayers and offerings in order to ward off evil influences. These spirits operate
at the village, household, ancestor, and sub-clan level, along with evil spirits
that cause disease and can inhabit village boundaries, mountains, water, tigers,
and the forest. This creator is variously called Marang Buru (great mountain)
or Thakur Jiu (life giver), and is the "cause of all causes," making the Santal
religion, in a deep sense, monotheistic as well as pantheistic.
OCCUPATION
• The occupation of the Santhals revolve around the forests in which
they reside. Their basic needs are fulfilled from the trees and plants of
the forests. They are also engaged in the hunting, fishing and
cultivation for their livelihood. They possess unique skills in making
the musical equipments, mats and baskets out of the plants.

CULTURE
• Santhal Tribes enjoy and love dancing. Dancing is one activity which
is in their blood. It forms an important part of the Santhals fairs and
festivals. • Santhals relax themselves with the light music and dance
after the long day hard work. Santhal women dress up themselves in
the red bordered white sari and dance in the line sequence.

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