ACHARYA N.G.

RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

S.V. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, TIRUPATI
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

TERM PAPER

TOPIC : ADVANCES IN HERBICIDE FORMULATION

COURSE TITLE : PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF WEED MANAGEMENT
COURSE NO : AGRON 503

Submitted to:
Dr. D. Subramanyam, Submitted by:
Professor, K.A.Rekhasree,
Department of Agronomy. TAM/2023-04. 1
 FORMULATION
⁎ Herbicide formulation is defined as the process by which a toxic or
active ingredient (ai) is made ready for use by blending with liquid
or dry diluents by grinding or by addition of inert or inactive materials
such as surfactant, wetting agent, emulsifier, stabilizer, spreaders,
stickers, or antifoaming agents as applicable.

⁎ The biological activity of a herbicide depends, to a great extent, on the

formulation, which is again largely governed by the physical and
chemical properties of active ingredient and of the inert materials used
in the formulation.

2
Need for formulation:
1) The handling of toxic active ingredient is made convenient and safe
2) Chance of direct contamination by humans and other animals is reduced
3) It ensures greater bio-availability
4) The carriers used may change the selectivity of herbicides towards
beneficial use in a number of crops
5) It increases storage life of a herbicide
6) It reduces environmental pollution
7) It saves resources and reduces price
8) To have a product with physical properties suitable for use in a variety
of application equipment and conditions
9) To prepare a product which is effective and economically feasible to use
3
Solution:
• A solution is homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances. Solution = solute + solvent.
• Solutes have particle sizes <1 x 10-7 mm, which exactly
fit to the pore diameters of intermolecular spaces of
water and as a result, they enter into those spaces and
form a solution as transparent as water. Therefore, they
do not settle down or needs agitation.
Suspension:
• A suspension is a dispersion of finely milled solid
particles in water.
• Solutes have particle sizes 1x10-7 to 1×10-4 mm, which
do not fit to the pore diameters of intermolecular
spaces of water and as a result, they cannot enter into
those spaces and remain suspended through out water
and the mixture appears turbid. Therefore, they have
tendency to settle down and need constant agitation.
4
Emulsion:
An emulsion is a heterogeneous mixture of two or
more components, which maintain their original
identity all through.

Colloid:
A colloid has gel-like thickened appearance. Solute particle sizes
(>1x10-4 mm) are much greater than pore diameters of intermolecular
spaces of water and as a result, they form neither solution nor
suspension, but a different mixture called colloid. Gel formulation is an
example of colloid.

5
 DRY FORMULATIONS

Wettable powder (WP):

 Wettable powders are finely ground solids, typically mineral
clays, to which an active ingredient is sorbed and contain
wetting and dispersing agents as part of the formulation which
help wet the powder and disperse it throughout the tank.
 They provide an effective way to apply an active ingredient in
a water spray that is not readily soluble in water or an organic
solvent.
 These dry preparations look like dust and are mixed with water
for application.
 Wettable powders form a suspension rather than true solution
when added to water.

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 Good agitation (mixing) is needed in the spray tank to maintain
the suspension.
 Good wettable powders spray well and do not clog screens.
 They can be abrasive to pumps and nozzles.
 Example: Metribuzin 70% WP, Oxadiargyl 80% WP,
Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl 10% WP. Atrazine 50% WP.

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Soluble powder (SP):
o This is a dry formulation of finely milled powder that contains a
high percent (usually above 50 percent) active ingredient.
o Soluble powders look like wettable powders but they form a true
solution when added to water.
o Agitation in the spray tank will help this formulation to dissolve.
After dissolving, no more agitation is usually needed.
o Few herbicides are available in this formulation because few
active ingredients are soluble in water.
o Example: Dalapon, TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) and Na/K salts of
2,4-D Solution.

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Granules (GR):
 Granular formulations are produced by applying a liquid
formulation of the active ingredient to particles of absorptive
materials such as clay, corn cobs, or walnut shells.
 The active ingredient either coats the outside of the granules or is
absorbed into them.
 The granule carrier is prepared in advance to a standard size and than
the liquid formulation is added.
 The amount of active ingredient is
relatively low, usually ranging from 1%
to 15%.
 Example : Alachlor 10% GR, Butachlor
5% GR, Oxyflourfen 0.35% GR
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 Water Dispersible Granules [WDG/WG]
or Dry flowables (DF)

 Water dispersible granules (WDG), are wettable powders that have

been aggregated into uniform granules of size 1-2mm for easier
handling and to eliminate respirable particles.
 WDGs incorporate the same ingredients and are dispersed in the spray
tank and applied as dilute suspensions in the same way as wettable
powders.
 This formulation usually contains 70 to 90 percent active ingredient.
 Several methods are used to form granules from the starting powder
blend, these include pan granulation, fluid bed granulation, spray
drying, high speed mixer agglomeration and extrusion granulation.
 Extrusion granulation is generally preferred on the basis of safety,
versatility and economy.
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 These formulations are becoming more popular because of their
convenience in packaging and use, being non-dusty, free
flowing granules which should disperse quickly when added to
water in the spray tank.
 Examples: Sulphur 80% WG, Sulfosulfuron 75% WG,
Thiamethoxam 25% WG, Azimsulfuron 50% DF, Bensulfuron
Methyl 60% DF, Ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG

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Pellets :
 Pellets are very similar to granules, but their manufacture is different.
 The active ingredient is combined with inert materials to form a
slurry (a thick liquid mixture).
 This slurry is then extruded under pressure and cut at desired
lengths to produce a particle that is relatively uniform in size and
shape.
 Pellets are typically used in spot applications.
 Pelleted formulations provide a high degree of safety to the applicator.
 Example: Spike 20P, Aquacide pellets

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Effervescent tablets:
 Effervescent tablets have been developed by some companies to
eliminate the problem of container rinsing and to eliminate disposal
problems altogether.
 The tablets can be broken into small parts or used whole, depending on
the size of the field sprayed or the application rate recommended for
different soil and crop conditions.
 Once the tablet is dropped into the sprayer tank, it dissolves in a short
time.
 A moderate level of agitation is recommended to provide a uniform
distribution of active ingredients released from the tablet throughout the
spray tank.
 Example: Metolachlor + bensulfuron-methyl 20% effervescent table

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 LIQUID FORMULATIONS:

Soluble liquid (SL):

⁕ Water-soluble concentrates contains about 85 % active ingredient which
form a true solution when added to water and are applied with water as
the carrier.
⁕ It consists of active ingredient in water or water soluble solvents,
wetting agents and anti freezing agents if required.
⁕ This is one of the formulation types that actually contain dissolved
molecules, not suspended particles.
⁕ These herbicides usually have an amine (ammonium salt) or mineral
salt in the molecule that enables water solubility.
⁕ These formulations are essentially nonvolatile.
⁕ Example: 2,4-D Dimethyl Amine salt 58% SL, Glyphosate 20.2% SL IPA
salt, Imazethapyr 10% SL,
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15
Suspension concentrates (SC):
Suspension concentrates form a stable dispersion or suspension in
a liquid medium (eg. water or oil).
The solid active ingredient (particle size about 2µ) readily disperses
in liquid system.
Suspension concentrates can be manufactured in water-based, oil-
based and aqueous form.
In water-based suspension concentrate, water is already present in
the external phase and only dilution is required to create fine
particles.
An aqueous flowable formulation is chemically stable in water and
have melting point >80°C and solubility in water is < 200 ppm.
Oil-based formulation has similar composition as aqueous form, but
active ingredient is stable and soluble in oil.

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They may be sold as a dry powder or already dissolved in a
concentrate for further dilution by the users.
Recent new techniques have been able to reduce the particle size of
dispersed solids in suspension concentrates and as a result, their
bio-efficacy has increased.
A poorly formulated SC does not differ from a wettable powder
(WP) if coarser particles are produced and their distribution is not
uniform.
Example: Bispyribac Sodium 10% SC, Penoxulam 21.7 %SC

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Flowable or Aqueous Suspension (F, L or AS):
 Aqueous Suspension is a bit improvement over suspension concentrate.
 They are concentrated, 40% to 70% w/w suspensions of micronized
insoluble active herbicide in water.
 They contain active ingredients of insoluble solids, in which the finely
ground active ingredients are mixed with a liquid, along with inert
ingredients, to form a suspension.
 Flowables are mixed with water, along with emulsifiers, to form a
concentrated emulsion.
 They are formulated for low viscosity and good fluidity, so that
transfer to the spray tank is easy and complete.
 Example: Diuron 4L.

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Emulsifiable concentrates (EC):
֎ Emulsifiable concentrates are usually clear solution and form
emulsion when added to water before spraying and the resultant
turns milky white.
֎ Emulsion is a heterogeneous medium where a stable, easily poured
formulation is manufactured by dissolving the a.i. in a hydrocarbon
solvent or blend of solvents and adding emulsifing agents or
surfactants.
֎ The function of the surfactants is to induce spontaneous
emulsification and create a stable and uniformly dispersed
emulsion when the formulation is mixed with water.
֎ The a.i. concentration is, typically, 10-70%.
֎ Pendimethalin, fluchloralin, paraquat, 2,4-DEE, chloroacetamides,
carbamates and thio-carbamates have EC formulation.

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20
Concentrated emulsion (CE):
⁂ Concentrated emulsion (CE) is of recent development and could be a
substitute for ECs.
⁂ It is a new water-containing formulation produced by dispersing or
emulsifying the active ingredient in water.
⁂ The active ingredient is usually liquid and soluble in an organic
solvent such as oil.
⁂ Most concentrate emulsions are oil in water called emulsion in
water (EW) and emulsion of water in oil called invert emulsion.
⁂ Example: Glyphosate 30.82% EW, Butachlor 50% EW, Pretilachlor
37%EW

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Emulsion in water (EW):
• Oil-in-water emulsions are now receiving considerable attention
because of the need to reduce volatile organic solvents for safer
handling.
• Oil-in-water emulsions can be thought of as emulsifiable
concentrates added to water.
• Oil droplets in the formulation are smaller than 2µm.
• Oil-in-water emulsions are easily poured, and form a stable and
uniformly dispersed emulsion when mixed with water.
• The a.i. concentration is, typically 20-50%.

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Invert emulsion:
• This mixture contains a water-soluble active ingredient
dispersed in an oil carrier.
• Invert emulsions require a special kind of emulsifier that allows
the active ingredient to be mixed with a large volume of
petroleum-based carrier, usually fuel oil.
• When applied, invert emulsions form large droplets that do not
drift easily.
• Invert emulsions cause less drift and is usually manufactured for
special applications such as by UAV.
• The a.i. concentration is, typically, 20-50%.

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Multiple emulsions (WOW):
o Multiple emulsions are an emulsion in an emulsion, and can be
water-in-oil-in-water or oil-in-water-in-oil.
o The presence of multiple emulsions allows the inclusion of more
than one a.i.
o Multiple emulsions can reduce the toxicity of a formulation when
compared with a single emulsion, and may also offer a crude form
of controlled release.
o They are easily poured, and form a stable and uniformly dispersed
emulsion when mixed with water.
o The a.i. concentration is typically 20-60%.

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Microemulsions (ME) :
 Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable transparent
dispersions of two immiscible liquids and are stable over a wide
temperature range.
 An a.i. is dissolved in oil or solvent, and this mixture is
solubilized inside swollen micelles in an aqueous solution.
 A microemulsion can also be based on a water-in-oil emulsion, i.e.
with a.i. plus water inside micelles which are in oil.
 The emulsion droplets are smaller than 0.1 µm because of this
small size of the emulsion droplets herbicide transport better
through cell membranes thereby resulting in enhanced efficacy.
 The a.i. concentration is typically 10-40%.

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 Surfactants are paired: one is water-soluble and the other oil-
soluble.
 Example: Neemazal 30 MEC, Pyrithiobac Na 5.4 + Quizalofop-
P-Ethyl 10.6 ME

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Nano emulsions:
 Nano emulsions have a particle size of less than 200 nm, which makes
the systems inherently transparent and kinetically stable.
 Herbicides formulated with nano emulsions having a lower surfactant
concentration than microemulsions are considerably more
environmentally friendly and are cost effective and economical.
 Low-energy emulsification methods are applied to produce nano
emulsions.

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Slow or controlled release formulations (CR):
֎ Controlled-release, or delayed-release, formulations aim to bind the
a.i. so that it is released by an external trigger.
֎ A polymer carrier, PGMA (poly glycidyl methacrylate) when added
to herbicides, ensure slow release of herbicides.
֎ Their main aim is either to increase the amount of a.i. reaching the
biological target or to extend the duration of a.i. activity by not
releasing all the a.i. at once.
֎ Slow or controlled release formulations reduce volatility, evaporation
and leaching losses of herbicides and thus reduce the chance of
phytotoxicity and provide an extended period of weed control.

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Microencapsulated Suspension or Microencapsulates (CS):
• Microcapsules are a controlled-release formulation.
• Microencapsulated formulations consist of dry and liquid herbicide
particles enclosed in tiny plastic capsules which are mixed in water
and sprayed.
• After spraying, the capsule slowly releases the a.i.
• The microcapsules form a suspension so, as for a suspension
concentrate, surfactants are added for wetting and dispersion of the
microcapsules in the spray tank and an anti-settling agent or thickener
is also needed.
• The a.i. concentration is typically 10-30%.

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• Microencapsulation reduces volatilization, evaporation, leaching
and most important is that environmental influence towards
degradation of a.i. is reduced.
• However, it is costlier than other formulations and its processing is
complicated.
• It requires long development time.
• Example: Pendimethalin 38.7% CS

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Oil dispersion formulations:
o In ODs the solid active ingredient is dispersed in the oil phase,
making it especially suitable for water-sensitive or non-soluble
active ingredients.
o When the oil dispersion comes into contact with water the
formulation can either form an emulsion or a suspo emulsion.
o The oil-phase can comprise different oils such as mineral oils,
vegetable oils or esters of vegetable oils.
o Special attention is needed with the auxiliaries in ODs: suitable oil-
compatible dispersing agents and emulsifiers adjusted to the type of
oil which forms a stable emulsion after dilution with water.
o Ex: Penoxsulam 2.67% w/w OD, penoxsulam 1.02% + cyhalofop-
butyl 5.1% OD, Milagro 40 OD, Atrazine 22.5%+Fluroxypyr 5%
+Nicosulfuron 2.5% OD

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32
Spreading Oil (SO):
 The surface spreading formulations are oil based formulations which
can be applied by dropping on water surface and after application the
formulation spreads to the whole water surface within a few
seconds.
 Basically these formulations are stable dispersion of water
insoluble liquid or solid in oil.
 When these formulations are applied on the water surface the
herbicide maintains a smooth networking film on the water
surface.
 Example: Cyclosulfamuron

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Low-volume and ultra-low volume (ULV) formulation:
◊ Ultra-low-volume concentrates (ULV) may approach 100% active
ingredient.
◊ They are designed to be used as it is or to be diluted with only
small quantities of specified solvents.
◊ These special-purpose formulations must be applied with highly
specialized equipment such as aircraft or ground equipment such as
low volume sprayers (mist blower, micronizer) and ultra-low volume
sprayers.

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Gels (GL or GW):
 Gels, or gelatinised fluids, can be thought of as thickened
emulsifiable concentrates (GL) or thickened oil-in-water
emulsions (GW).
 They are very viscous, so do not pour easily.
 Instead of being supplied as a liquid, they are often packaged as
premeasured doses in water-soluble bags which make handling safer
and reduce environmental contamination.
 Gels are formulated to disperse and mix
thoroughly in water, giving a stable and
uniform emulsion in the spray tank.
 The a.i. concentration is typically 20-50%.
 Example: Roundup Precision Gel, Vigilant
® II Herbicide Gel
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Fumigants:
⁎ Fumigants are volatile compounds applied into confined spaces or
into the soil, which volatilize as such or release fume after coming
in contact with moisture.

⁎ They are often injected as pressurized liquids a few inches below the
soil surface and form vapours.

⁎ The vapour penetrates the soil zone and moves laterally and
downward and destroys weed seeds coming in contact with it.

⁎ They act as soil sterilants.

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⁎ Hot climate favours enough vapourization and vapour
produced by fumigants may reach to dangerous levels and pose
hazards and cause poisoning to the field workers.
⁎ They are good for killing weed seeds in soil and deep rooted
perennial weeds.
⁎ Example: Metam sodium

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Ready To Use (RTU):
 RTU products are premixed combinations of an herbicide and
the carrier in which it is applied.
 No mixing is required before spraying.
 For commercial applications, most RTU products are concentrated
mixtures intended for stem or stump treatment.
 Example: Sonar® RTU, Roundup® RTU

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Hot fogging concentrates (HN):
 'FOG’ formuations contain up to 100% active ingredient.
 They are either directly applied by mechanical spraying or diluted
with diesel or kerosene by hot fogging equipment.
 It involves dispersing a chemical solution as a fine mist to cover
large areas effectively .
 Example: Chlopropham 50% HN

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 Combined/mixed formulation technology
1)Suspoemulsion or suspension emulsion (SE):
 Suspo-emulsions is considered to be mixtures of suspension
concentrates and oil-in-water emulsions (EW) with added
surfactants to prevent flocculation and thickeners to prevent
separation of the dispersed phases.
 The continuous phase comprises water, in which both solid particles
and emulsion droplets are finely distributed.
 The liquid a.i. dissolved in oil droplets form an emulsion in
water, while the solid a.i. is suspended in the water.
 The a.i. concentration is typically 20-70%.
 Since active ingredient is coated in a polymeric film, suspoemulsion
reduces toxicity, degradation, volatility and leaching.
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 The advantages are that it is possible to formulate multiple active
ingredients together, broadening the spectrum of activity and
eliminating the disadvantage of tank-mix incompatibility.
 Examples: Penoxsulam 0.97% w/w + Butachlor 38.87% w/w SE

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2) ZW:
 ZW is a mixed formulation of Capsule suspension (CS) and
Concentrated aqueous emulsion (EW) and is a stable aqueous
dispersion of microcapsules and emulsion droplets, each of which
contains one or more active ingredients.
 In this unique formulation, two different active ingredients in such a
way that one active ingredient will be effective just after application
for quick knock-down effect and the other active ingredient will be
efficacious slowly in a controlled manner for long term management.

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3) ZE formulation:
 ZE is a mixed formulation of Capsule suspension (CS) and Suspo
emulsion (SE) and is a stable aqueous dispersion of microcapsules,
solid fine particles and emulsion droplets, each of which contains
one or more active ingredients.
 By this procedure one can use three a.i., one in capsule and one in
suspension concentrate and third one in emulsion in a single
formulation.
 Example: Sharda Atrazine 18.65% + Metolachlor 19% + Mesotrione
2.44% ZE

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4) ZC formulation:
• ZC is a mixed formulation of Capsule Suspension (CS) and
Suspension Concentrate (CS) and is a stable aqueous suspension of
microcapsules and solid fine particles, each of which contains one or
more active ingredients.
• Example: Pyrithiobac Sodium 3.1% + Pendimethalin 34% ZC

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Advantages of ZW, ZE, ZC formulations:

 Formulating the active ingredients together eliminates the need for

tank mixing, which can lead to incompatibility, and facilitates
control of a wider range of weeds with fewer applications.
 Like other aqueous liquid formulations, these formulations are easy
to handle and measure, dust free, non-flammable and offer good
miscibility with water.
 These formulations are intended for dilution into water prior to
spray application.

45
CASE STUDIES

46
 Table 1: Effect of Two Formulations of Sufentrazone on Mean Grass
and Broadleaf Weed Counts at Four and Eight
Weeks after Transplanting
Broad leaf weeds Grass Weeds Total weed dry
Mass (gm-2)
4WAP 8WAP 4WAP 8WAP 8WAP
Herbicide level kgha-1
Control 126.5 238.8 63.75 87.65 126.75
0.225 (WG formulation) 43.4 179.2 52.00 70.10 48.95
(65.3) (25.0) (18.4) (20.0) (61.4)
0.165 (SC formulation) 61.85 185.0 41.35 34.50 46.40
(50.7) (22.5) (35.1) (60.6) (63.4)
0.185 (SC formulation) 72.15 186.5 25.42 44.50 33.30
(42.6) (21.9) (60.1) (49.2) (73.7)
0.205 (SC formulation) 54.5 197.5 48.60 64.60 42.35
(56.5) (17.3) (23.8) (26.3) (66.6)
0.225 (SC formulation) 60.75 185.2 27.10 35.00 23.50
(51.6) (22.4) (57.5) (60.1) (81.5)
Asian Journal
LSD0.05 of Agriculture28.85 20.2
Kutsaga 21.8
Research Station, 32.06 Bertha et.al.,(2013)
54.6
and Rural Development Zimbabwe
47
 Table 2: Dry weight of resistant Phalaris minor as influenced by different treatments at
30 DAS
Treatments Dose Dry weight (g plant-1) 30 DAS
(g ha-1) 2014-15 2015-16
Pendimethalin EC at field capacity, PRE 1000 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Pendimethalin EC at 75% field capacity, PRE 1000 1.07 (0.16) 1.09 (0.18)
Pendimethalin CS at field capacity, PRE 1000 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Pendimethalin CS at 75% field capacity, PRE 1000 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Metribuzin at field capacity, PRE 150 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Metribuzin at 75% field capacity, PRE 150 1.03 (0.07) 1.08 (0.16)
Metribuzin at field capacity, EPOE 150 1.10 (0.21) 1.14 (0.29)
Metribuzin at 75% field capacity, EPOE 150 1.07 (0.14) 1.12 (0.25)
Pendimethalin EC + metribuzin at field capacity, PRE 1000 + 150 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Pendimethalin EC + metribuzin at 75% field capacity, PRE 1000 + 150 1.01 (0.03) 1.05 (0.09)
Pendimethalin EC + metribuzin at field capacity, EPOE 1000 + 150 1.12 (0.25) 1.15 (0.31)
Pendimethalin EC + metribuzin at 75% field capacity, 1000 + 150 1.06 (0.13) 1.12 (0.27)
EPOE
Pendimethalin CS + metribuzin at field capacity, PRE 1000 + 150 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Pendimethalin CS + metribuzin at 75% field capacity, PRE 1000 + 150 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Pendimethalin CS + metribuzin at field capacity, EPOE 1000 + 150 1.11 (0.22) 1.17 (0.36)
Pendimethalin CS + metribuzin at 75% field capacity, 1000 + 150 1.08 (0.18) 1.14 (0.30)
EPOE
Untreated (control) - 1.14 (0.30) 1.17 (0.38)
LSD (0.05) CCS Haryana – 0.05 480.04
Journal of Crop and Weed Kaur et.al., (2019)
Agricultural University, Hisar
Table 3: Weed control efficiency, seed yield, of cumin plant count and dry-matter of
succeeding pearlmillet as influenced by weed-management practices (pooled data of two
years)
Succeeding crop pearlmillet
Dry matter 60
Dose Time of Seed yield Plant count per DAS
Treatment (g ha ) application WCE% (kg ha ) 200 seed sown
-1 -1
(g m-2)
Pendimethalin CS 484 PE 92 475 165 595
Pendimethalin CS 580 PE 94 559 160 557
Pendimethalin CS 677 PE 93 538 140 477
Pendimethalin Liquid 750 PE 93 550 144 493
Oxadiargyl 50 Post 95 592 160 589
Oxyfluorfen 50 Post 93 563 163 568
Trifluralin 1000 PPI 95 559 163 559
Pendimethalin CS + 1 hand-weeding 30 DAS 484 PE 98 684 165 596
Pendimethalin CS +1 hand-weeding 30 DAS 580 PE 98 675 163 595
Pendimethalin CS + 1 hand-weeding 30 DAS 677 PE 98 646 132 518
Pendimethalin liquid + 1 hand-weeding 30 DAS 750 PE 99 642 143 523
Oxadiargyl g/ha +1 hand-weeding 30 DAS 50 Post 99 715 165 577
Oxyfluorfen +1 hand-weeding 30 DAS 50 Post 98 692 167 584
Trifluralin + 1 hand-weeding 30 DAS 1000 PPI 96 670 168 579
Season-long weedy - 128 168 640
Season-long weed free 100 701 169 658
SEm± - 35 5.1 31.3
CD (P=0.05) - 102 14.8 90.3

Indian Journal of Agronomy ARS, Jodhpur Ishwar et.al., (2013)

49
 Table 4: Effect of slow release herbicide formulations on total weed density (No. m -2)
and total weed dry weight (g m-2) of rice
Total weed density Total weed dry
Treatments (No. m-2) weight (g m-2)
20 DAT 40 DAT 20 DAT 40 DAT
7.43 9.63 3.45 4.92
T1 - Oxadiargyl loading with Biochar on 3 DAT (53.33) (91.33) (9.92) (22.19)
7.02 8.06 3.41 4.64
T2 - Oxadiargyl loading with Zeolite on 3 DAT (47.33) (78.33) (9.62) (19.64)
6.29 10.13 3.60 4.94
T3 - Oxadiargyl encapsulated with starch on 3 DAT (37.67) (100.67) (10.99) (22.60)
T4 -Oxadiargyl encapsulated with water soluble polymer on 8.21 10.32 3.79 4.77
(65.33) (105.33) (12.35) (21.28)
3 DAT
8.81 11.07 3.84 5.28
T5 - Oxadiargyl at 100g ha-1 on 3 DAT (75.67) (120.67) (12.84) (25.84)
T6 -Butachlor at 1.25 kg ha-1 on 3 DAT fb 6.36 7.83 3.66 4.47
(38.67) (59.33) (11.40) (17.98)
Hand weeding on 40 DAT
1.41 1.41 1.41 1.41
T7 - Weed free check (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
10.00 13.14 5.89 7.49
T8 – weedy check (98.67) (170.67) (32.79) (54.17)
SE.d 0.33 0.38 0.15 0.28

International Journal CD (P=0.05) Tamil Nadu Agricultural0.70 Bommayasamy

0.82 0.32 et.al., (2018)
0.60
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of Chemical Studies University, Madurai
THANK YOU

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