BSC 301 - 25500123122

Dr Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute of
Technology and Sports Complex

Topic: Exact Equation and Integrating Factor
Subject: Mathematics-III (Differential Calculus)
Subject Code: BSC 301
Presented By -
Name: Sachin Kumar Singh
University Roll: 25500123122
Registration No.: 232550110272
Stream: Computer Science and Engineering
Semester: III Section: B Group: B

Introduction of Exact and Non-Exact
Equations
A differential equation is considered "exact" if it can be written in the form dM/dx + dN/dy
= 0, where M and N are functions of x and y. This means that the left-hand side of the
equation is the total derivative of some function, which allows the equation to be solved
by integration.
Exact differential equations have the important property that their solution can be obtained by
integrating a single function. This makes them a crucial type of differential equation in many areas of
physics and engineering, where they frequently arise in the modeling of physical systems.
In contrast, "non-exact" differential equations do not possess the same structure and require
additional techniques to find their solutions. One common method for solving non-exact equations is
the use of an integrating factor, which transforms the equation into an exact form that can then be
integrated.
Example
Application of
Exact and Non-
Exact Equations
Differential equations can be classified as either exact or non-
exact, and the method used to solve them depends on this
classification. Exact equations are those where the partial
derivatives of the coefficients satisfy a specific condition, allowing
them to be solved using integration. Non-exact equations, on the
other hand, require a different approach called the integrating
factor method.
Understanding the application of these two types of differential
equations is crucial for being able to effectively solve a wide range
of real-world problems in fields like physics, engineering, and
mathematics. In this presentation, we will explore the necessary
and sufficient conditions for identifying exact equations, as well as
the techniques used to transform non-exact equations into an exact
form that can then be integrated.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
for Exact Equations
Necessary Condition Sufficient Condition Importance of Conditions
For a differential equation If Mx = Ny, then the Understanding these

to be exact, it is differential equation is necessary and sufficient
necessary that Mx = Ny, exact, and the solution conditions is crucial for
where Mx and Ny are the can be found by identifying exact
partial derivatives of M integrating the expression differential equations and
and N with respect to x dM = N dy. determining appropriate
and y, respectively. solution methods.
Exact Differential
Equations
Step 1 Step 2
Verify that the given Determine the
differential equation is function M(x, y) by
exact by checking that integrating the
Mx = Ny. expression Mx dx.
Step 3
Find the solution by setting M(x, y) = constant,
which gives the general solution.
Non-Exact
Differential
Equations
Equation Form P(x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = 0
Integrating Factor μ(x, y) = exp(∫ (Px - Qy) / (P dx

+ Q dy))
Solution ∫ μ(x, y) (P dx + Q dy) =

constant
Techniques for Finding Integrating Fact
Constant Integrating Factor Variable Integrating Factor
When the coefficient of the dependent For more complex differential
variable is a function of the equations, a variable integrating factor
independent variable only, a constant that depends on both the independent
integrating factor can be used. and dependent variables may be

necessary.
Systematic Approach Importance of Technique

There are well-established methods and Mastering the techniques for finding
formulas for determining the integrating factors is crucial for solving
appropriate integrating factor for a a wide range of non-exact differential
given non-exact differential equation. equations.
Integrating Factor
Method for Non-Exact
Equations
Identify Introduce
Recognize that the given Apply the integrating
differential equation is non- factor method, which
exact, meaning it cannot be involves multiplying the
solved using the standard equation by a function
methods for exact that makes it exact.
equations.
Solve
Use the integrating factor to transform the non-exact
equation into an exact form, allowing for integration and
the determination of the solution.
Acknowledgement
I am deeply honored and grateful to express my sincere appreciation to Mrs. Pallabi
Bose for her invaluable contributions and insightful expertise on the topic of exact and
non-exact differential equations. As a renowned professor and researcher in the field
of applied mathematics, Mrs. Bose's guidance and mentorship have been instrumental
in shaping the comprehensive nature of this presentation. Her vast knowledge and
practical understanding of these complex mathematical concepts have been pivotal in
ensuring the accuracy and depth of the information shared here. I am truly humbled
to have had the opportunity to collaborate with such an esteemed expert, and I am
confident that the audience will greatly benefit from the wealth of knowledge she has
graciously shared.

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Dr Sudhir Chandra Sur Institute of

Technology and Sports Complex

Subject: Mathematics-III (Differential Calculus)

Subject Code: BSC 301

Name: Sachin Kumar Singh

University Roll: 25500123122

Registration No.: 232550110272

Stream: Computer Science and Engineering

Semester: III Section: B Group: B

Necessary Condition Sufficient Condition Importance of Conditions

For a differential equation If Mx = Ny, then the Understanding these

Integrating Factor μ(x, y) = exp(∫ (Px - Qy) / (P dx

Solution ∫ μ(x, y) (P dx + Q dy) =

variable is a function of the equations, a variable integrating factor

independent variable only, a constant that depends on both the independent

integrating factor can be used. and dependent variables may be

Systematic Approach Importance of Technique

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