Gen Chem 1 Lesson 3

Lesson 3
ATOMS,
MOLECULES,
AND IONS
DALTON’S
ATOMIC
THEORY
Postulates of Dalton’s Atomic
Theory
1. All matter is composed of tiny,
indivisible particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a specific element are
identical in mass, size, and other
properties. However, atoms of
different elements exhibit different
properties and vary in mass and
size.
Theory
3. Atoms can neither be created nor
destroyed. Furthermore, atoms cannot
be divided into smaller particles.
4. Atoms of different elements can
combine in fixed whole-number ratios to
form compounds.
Theory
5. Atoms can be rearranged,
combined, or separated in chemical
reactions.
LAWS OF
MATTER
Law of Conservation of Mass
The total mass of substances present
after a chemical reaction is the same
as the total mass of substances before
the reaction.
Example: When iron is oxidized and
transformed to rust, the iron content of rust is
𝐹𝑒 + 𝑂2 + 𝐻2𝑂 →
still the same by mass as the unoxidized iron.
Law of Constant Composition
All samples of a compound have the
same composition—the same
proportions by mass of the constituent
elements.
Example: Water in any form; ice, liquid water, or
water vapor is composed of the same molecules:
2 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of oxygen.
Sodium Chloride or salt is 1 mole of sodium (Na)
𝐻2𝑂(s) = 𝐻2𝑂(l) =
and 1 mole of chlorine (Cl), whether it is in solid
form or dissolved in water.
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
Atoms is the fundamental building
block of all matter and chemistry.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Electrons
small negatively charged particles that orbit
around an atom’s positively charged nucleus.
Protons
a smaller bit of positively charged matter or
sub-atomic particle within the nucleus. The
mass of a proton is 1800 times greater than
Neutrons
an electron.
particles located inside the nucleus with a
similar mass to their partner proton but with
no
Atomic Number (Z)
The atomic number of an element is taken
from the number of protons in the nucleus of
an atom.
Example:
Boron (B): Atomic number (Z) = 5
Gold (Au): Z = 79
Zinc (Zn): Z = 30
Mercury (80Hg): Z = 80
Mass Number (A)

The mass number is defined as the total
number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Example:
Boron (B): A = 10.18
Lithium (𝐿𝑖): A = 6.94

Carbon (C): A = 12.01
MOLECULES
AND IONS
Matter is composed of a combination of atoms
in a specific geometrical arrangement.
Molecules are composed of atoms chemically
bonded by attractive forces.
Diatomic Molecules
Elements that occur naturally in pairs or as
two-atoms. Examples are oxygen (𝑂2),
nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2), fluorine (F2),
and chlorine (Cl2), which occur in pairs at
Chemical Bond
room temperature.
The force that binds two or more atoms
together.
A covalent bond is a bond wherein
electrons are shared equally.
An ionic bond is when electrons are
transferred from one atom to another.
CHEMICAL
FORMULA
Molecular Formula
gives the exact number of
atoms of each element in a
molecule
Example:
Sodium chloride = NaCl = 1 atom of sodium
Water = 𝐻2𝑂 = 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1

and 1 atom of chlorine
Sucrose = C6𝐻12𝑂6 = 6 atoms of carbon, 12

atom of oxygen
atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen

Structural Formula
shows how specific atoms are
ordered and arranged in compounds.
It makes it easier to see how atoms
are bonded.
Example:
Methane Methanol Hexane Cyclohexan

e
Ions
It is a charged subatomic particle. Ions
are formed by the addition of electrons,
or the removal of electrons from neutral
atoms or molecules or other ions by
combination of ions with other particles.
HOW DO ATOMS LOSE OR GAIN
ELECTRONS
Metal atoms lose some of their valence electrons
through a process called oxidation. Non-metal
atoms gain an electrons, or electrons from another
atom to become negatively charged ions. The
process of an atom becoming an ion is called
ionization.
EXAMPLE:
- Positively-charged
+
ions
- Cations are formed 3+
when an atom loses
one or more electrons Na Al
- More protons than
electrons
EXAMPLE:
- Negatively-charged ions
2-
- Anion are formed
when an atom gains
one or more electrons
Cl O
- More electron than
protons
NAMING IONIC
COMPOUNDS
Naming Ionic Compounds
A. For ionic compounds containing common
monatomic ions, we give the name of the cation
first, simply using its element name. To name
the anion, we add the suffix –ide to the root of
the name of the element that corresponds to the
anion. Generally, for ionic compounds, a prefix
indicating the atomic ratio is not used.
Example:
NaCl is composed of Na+ and Cl− ions and is
named sodium chloride. The compound with the
formula AlBr3 is composed of Al3+ ions and Br -
ions and is named aluminum bromide.
B. Naming ionic compounds containing
polyatomic anions is like naming compounds
with monatomic anions. The cation is named
first, followed by the name of the polyatomic
ion.
Example:
The compound that contains the sodium ion,
Na+, and the sulfate ion, SO42- , has the formula
Na2SO4 and is called sodium sulfate. Some ionic
compounds contain the ammonium ion NH4+. An
example is ammonium chloride, NH4Cl.
Example: Name the compounds given by the
formulas
A. Na2O
The first compound, Na2O, comprises monatomic cations
and anions whose charges can be predicted from the
periodic table. We state the name of the metal ion first,
followed by the root of the name for the nonmetal with an –
ide ending. The name of the compound is sodium oxide.
B. Ca3(PO4)2
The charge on a calcium ion can be
predicted from the periodic table. The
polyatomic ion is named phosphate
ion. The name of the compound is calcium
phosphate.
Ions
Group Element Symbol Simple Ion
Charge
Nitrogen N -3 nitride
Group VA Phosphorus P -3 phosphide
Arsenic As -3 arsenide
Oxygen O -2 oxide
Group VIA
Sulfur S -2 sulfide
Fluorine F -1 fluoride
Chlorine Cl -1 chloride
Group VIIA
Bromine Br -1 bromide
Iodine I -1 iodide
Table 1. The main group elements
and their charges are in ionic form
Ions
Element Symbol Simple Ion Charge
Chromium (II) - + 2
Chromium Cr
Chromium (III) - + 3
Manganese Mn +2
Ferrous - + 2
Iron Fe
Ferric - + 3
Cobaltous - + 2
Cobalt Co
Cobaltic - + 3
Nickel Ni +2
Cuprous - + 2
Copper Cu
Cupric - + 1
Zinc Zn +2
Silver Ag +1
Cadmium Cd +2
Mercury Hg +2
Table 2. The ionic charges of transition

Ions
Ion Name Ion Name
NH4+ Ammonium CO32- Carbonate
NO2- Nitrite HCO3- Bicarbonate
NO3- Nitrate ClO4- Perchlorate
SO32- Sulfite ClO3- Chlorate
SO42- Sulfate ClO2- Chlorite
HSO4- Bisulfate ClO- Hypochlorite
OH- Hydroxide C2H3O2- Acetate
PO43- Phosphate Cr2O72- Dichromate
Hydrogen CrO4- Chromate
HPO 2-
4
phosphate
Dihydrogen CN- Cyanide
H2PO -
4
phosphate
Table 3. The Nomenclature of
different polyatomic ions.
Thank you!
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Lesson 3

Mass Number (A)

Lithium (𝐿𝑖): A = 6.94

Water = 𝐻2𝑂 = 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1

Sucrose = C6𝐻12𝑂6 = 6 atoms of carbon, 12

atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen

Methane Methanol Hexane Cyclohexan

Table 2. The ionic charges of transition

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