mechanics

1 2 3

Choose 2 Members will The first group

representatives guess the word who will
who will act the and raise their accumulate 2
given word hand to answer points will be the
winner
Our 2 Golden Reminders
For a Fun and Productive Class!

Respect Actively
Teachers and Participate
Classmates
 CLOUD
DEVELOPMENT
AND
PRECIPITATION
Presented by Group
2
 objectives
1 2 3
Appreciate the Arrange the
Determine the
role of general steps of
precipitation
atmospheric cloud formation
process, types,
stability to cloud
and measurement
formation and
precipitation
 INTRODUCTI
ON
Clouds not only enhance the
beauty of the sky but also play a
significant role in regulating the
Earth's energy balance by
reflecting sunlight, absorbing heat,
and producing precipitation. They
serve as visual indicators of
atmospheric processes, acting as
signposts to trained observers.
atmospheric
stability
Atmospheric stability refers to the condition
of equilibrium or atmosphere's resistance
to vertical motion.
Air
Parcel
imaginary
pocket of air
 Adiabati
c
Process
Occurs when a parcel
of air expands and
cools or compresses
and warms without
exchanging heat with
its surroundings.
 Dry • Condition: Air parcel
Adiabatic must be
unsaturated
Stability (relative humidity <
100%).
• Rate: Approximately
10°C
cooling/warming
per 1000 meters of
altitude change.
• Equivalent Rate:
About 5.5°F per
1000 feet.
 Moist • Condition: Occurs
Adiabatic when rising air
becomes saturated.
Stability • Rate: Latent heat
from condensation
offsets cooling due
to expansion.

• Equivalent Rate:
averages 6°C per
1000 meters or
3.3°F per 1000
How Do We
Determine
Stability?
 Stable
Atmosphe
re
The air is more
dense (heavier)
and tends to sink
back to its original
 Unsaturated
“Dry” Air
Stability
• A rising parcel of
unsaturated ("dry") air is
colder and heavier than
the surrounding air at all
• Because itlevels.
is colder, the air
parcel is denser and tends
to sink back to its original
position.
 Saturated
“Moist” Air
• Stability
Even if the air parcel is
initially saturated, as it
rises, it remains colder
than its environment
• The parcel resists upward
movement and tends to
return to its original
position.
 Unstable
Atmospher
e
Rising air parcel is
warmer and less dense
than the surrounding
air, it will continue to
rise, leading to an
Measured
Temperature
Decrease: 11°C per
1000 meters.
Environmental
Lapse Rate: The rate
at which temperature
decreases with
altitude.
Conditionall
y Unstable
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
conditionally
unstable if humid air
becomes saturated
as it rises.
Condensational The level
Level where the
air
becomes
saturated
and clouds
start
forming.
 cloud
developmen
t and
stability
clouds form as air rises, cools,
and condenses, air normally
needs a “trigger” to start

1. surface heating and free convection

2. uplift along topography
3. widespread ascent due to the flowing
together ( convergence) of surface air
4. uplift weather fronts
CONVECTION OF
CLOUDS
- Some areas of the earth’s surface
are better absorbers of sunlight
than others and, therefore, heat up
more quickly. "Hot spots"
- A hot “bubble”
of air—a thermal
—breaks away
from the warm
surface and rises,
expanding and
cooling as it
ascends.
- Another reason
for the downward
motion is the
completion of the
convection current
started by the
thermal.
TOPOGRAPHY AND
CLOUDS
- Horizontally moving air obviously
cannot go through a large obstacle,
such as a mountain, so the air must
go over it. Forced lifting along a
topographic barrier is called
orographic uplift.
- Clouds produced in this manner are
called orographic clouds.
- after having risen over the mountain, the
air at the surface on the leeward (downwind)
side is considerably warmer than it was at
the surface on the windward (upwind) side.

- region on the leeward side of a mountain,

where precipitation is noticeably low, and the
air is often drier, is called a rain shadow
From Fig. 5.14 we have two important
concepts to remember:

1. Air descending a 2. The leeward side of

mountain warms a mountain is drier,
through with lower humidity
compressional and higher
heating, making it temperatures, leading
warmer than air at to increased
the same altitude on evaporation and the
the windward side. formation of rain
convergence
- When air masses collide, the air is
forced upward, causingit to form
clouds.
Frontal syestem
- Clouds develop when warm air is
forced to rise over colder air along
fronts.
 What is
Stability?
a) During the early
morning, there is
little exchange
between the surface
winds and the winds
aloft.

- Stable
(b) In the afternoon,
when the atmosphere is
usually most unstable,
convection in the form of
rising thermals links
surface air with the air
aloft, causing strong
winds from aloft to reach
the ground and produce
strong, gusty
- Unstable surface
The rising part of the
swirling air may cool
enough to produce a
visible cloud called a
rotor cloud. air in the
rotor is extremely
turbulent and
presents a major
hazard to aircraft in
Precipitation
process
PRECIPITAT
Refers to any
ION
product of the
condensation of
atmospheric water
vapor that falls from
clouds due to
gravitational pull. It
plays a vital role in
Ordinary cloud droplet is
extremely small, having an
average diameter of 0.02
millimeters (mm), which
is less than one-thousandth
of
an inch. then, are composed
Clouds,
of many small droplets—
too small to fall as rain.
• the growth of cloud
droplets by
condensation is slow
and, even under ideal
conditions
• it would take several
days for this process
alone to create a
raindrop.
 2
processes
Collision and coalescence
process
• In clouds with tops warmer than –15°C (5°F), the
collision-coalescence process can play a
significant role in producing precipitation.
• Larger drops may form on large condensation
nuclei, such as salt particles, or through random
collisions of droplets.
• The amount of air
resistance depends on the
size of the drop and on its
rate of fall
• The greater its speed, the
more air molecules the
drop encounters each
second
• The speed of the falling
drop increases until the
air resistance equals the
• the drop continues to fall,
but at a constant speed,
which is called its
terminal velocity.
• larger drops fall faster
than smaller drops.
• Large droplets overtake
and collide with smaller
drops in their path. This
merging of cloud droplets
by collision is called
• As the droplet rises, it
collides with and captures
smaller drops in its path,
and grows until it reaches
a size of about 1 mm.
• Once the fall velocity of
the drop is greater than
the updraft velocity in the
cloud, the drop slowly
descends.
• the range of
droplet sizes
• the cloud
thickness
• the updraft s of the
cloud
• the electric charge
of the droplets and
the electric field in
ICE-CRYSTAL PROCESS
• Rain formation proposes that both ice crystals
and liquid cloud droplets must co-exist in clouds
at temperatures below freezing.
• Consequently, this process of rain formation is
extremely important in middle and high latitudes,
where clouds are able to extend upwards into
regions where air temperatures are below
freezing.
• In the warm region of the
cloud where only water
droplets exist, we might
expect to observe cloud
droplets growing larger
by the collision and
coalescence
• Water droplets existing at
temperatures below
freezing are referred to
as supercooled droplets.
• Ice crystals exist
overwhelmingly in the upper
part of the cloud, where air
temperatures drop to well
below freezing.
• Just as liquid cloud droplets
form on condensation nuclei,
ice crystals may form in
subfreezing air if there are
ice-forming particles present
called ice nuclei.
• Since the air is saturated,
both the liquid droplet and
theice crystal are in
equilibrium
• more molecules escape the
water surface at a given
temperature, requiring more
in the vapor phase to
maintain saturation.
• it takes more vapor molecules
to saturate the air directly
above the water droplet than
• The greater number of
water vapor molecules
around the liquid droplet
causes water molecules
to diffuse from the liquid
droplet toward the ice
crystal.
• The ice crystal absorbs
the water vapor and
grows larger,
• the water droplet grows
• This process of ice crystals
growing larger as they
collide with supercooled
cloud droplets is called
accretion.
• The icy matter that forms is
called graupel (or snow
pellets).
• As they fall, they may collide
and stick to one another,
forming an aggregate of ice
 CLOUD SEEDING
AND
PRECIPITATION
The primary goal in many experiments concerning
cloud seeding is to inject (or seed) a cloud with small
particles that will act as nuclei, so that the cloud
particles will grow large enough to fall to the surface
as precipitation.
 CLOUD SEEDING
AND
PRECIPITATION
The idea is to find clouds that have too low a ratio of
ice crystals to droplets and then to add enough
artificial ice nuclei so that the ratio of crystals to
droplets is optimal for producing precipitation.
 CLOUD SEEDING
AND
PRECIPITATION
• To seed a cloud, they dropped crushed pellets of
dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) from a plane.
• As the extremelycold, dry ice pellets fall through
the cloud, they quickly cool the air around them.
• In the very cold air created by the falling pellets
(below –40°C), the tiny droplets instantly freeze
into tiny ice crystals.
 CLOUD SEEDING
AND
PRECIPITATION
• The newly formed ice crystals then grow larger by
deposition as the water vapor molecules attach
themselves to the ice crystals at the expense of
the nearby liquid droplets and, upon reaching a
sufficiently large size, they fall as precipitation.
 CLOUD SEEDING
AND
PRECIPITATION
In 1947, Bernard Vonnegut demonstrated that silver
iodide (AgI) could be used as a cloud-seeding agent.
Because silver iodide has a crystalline structure
similar to an ice crystal, it acts as an eff ective ice
nucleus at temperatures of –4°C (25°F) and lower
 CLOUD SEEDING
AND
PRECIPITATION
• Ice crystals form when silver iodide crystals come
in contact with supercooled liquid droplets.
• Ice crystals grow in size as water vapor deposits
onto the silver iodide crystal.
• Ice crystals falling
from a dense cirriform
cloud into a lower
nimbostratus cloud
• This photo was taken
at an altitude near 6
km (19,700 ft) above
western Pennsylvania.
• At the surface,
moderate rain was
falling over the region.
 precipitation in
clouds
In cold, strongly convective clouds, precipitation
may begin only minutes after the cloud forms, and
may be initiated by either the collision-coalescence or
the ice-crystal (Bergeron) process.
• it is often associated with such cold-layered clouds
as nimbostratus and altostratus.
This precipitation is thought to form principally by
the ice-crystal (Bergeron) process
• Nimbostratus clouds
are normally thick
enough to extend to
levels where air
temperatures are quite
low, and they usually
last long enough for the
ice-crystal process to
Precipitation
types
 Does
the rain
is tear-
drop in
shape?
RAIN
- any falling drop of
liquid water.
- must have a
diameter
equal to, or
greater than,
0.5 mm (0.02
in.)
SNOW
- a precipitation in
the form of small
white ice crystals
formed directly
from the water
vapor of the air at a
temperature of less
Is it ever “too cold to
snow?
Sleet and Freezing
Rain
Sleet
- a partially melted
snowflake or cold
raindrop turns back into

Ice
- a tiny transparent (or
translucent) ice pellet
Sleet and Freezing
Rain
Freezing Rain or Glaze
-the falling freeze
raindrops that reach
the surface as
supercooled liquid
drops, which forming a
thin veneer of ice.
HAIL Hailstones
-are pieces of ice either
transparent or partially
opaque, ranging in size
from that of small peas
to that of golf balls or
larger.

-sometimes round or
 measuring
precipitation
 PRECIPITATION
INSTRUMENTS
Rain gauge - a meteorological instrument
used to measure the amount of
precipitation, specifically rainfall
 PRECIPITATION
INSTRUMENTS
Types of Rain Gauges
• Standard Rain Gauge
• Tipping Bucket Rain
Gauge
• Weighing Rain Gauge
 PRECIPITATION
INSTRUMENTS
Standard Rain Gauge
- most common type of rain
gauge
- consist of funnel that collects
rainwater and directs nit to the
measuring cylinder.
 PRECIPITATION
INSTRUMENTS
ipping Bucket Rain Gauge
- uses a bucket that tips over
when a certain amount of
rainwater is collected.
 PRECIPITATION
INSTRUMENTS
Weighing Rain Gauge
- measures rainfall by weighing
the amount of water collected.
 RADAR AND
DOPPLER RADAR
 RADAR AND DOPPLER
RADAR
Radar
-system that uses radio waves to
detect, locate, track, and identify
objects at considerable distances.
 RADAR AND DOPPLER
RADAR
Weather Radar

Weather radar uses electromagnetic

waves to detect precipitation in the
atmosphere. It's like a giant
flashlight that sends out pulses of
energy."
 RADAR AND DOPPLER
RADAR
Weather Radar

Provide:
•Location,
•Intensity,
•types of precipitation.
 RADAR AND DOPPLER
RADAR
Doppler Radar
- specialized type of radar that
utilizes the Doppler effect to
measure the velocity of objects at
a distance.
 MEASURING
PRECIPITATION
FROM SPACE
 TRMM SATELLITE

Orbiting the Earth at an altitude of about

400 km (250 mi), is equipped with
advanced technology to measure rainfall
intensity in the tropics and subtropics,
regions that were previously difficult to
 TRMM SATELLITE

Precipitation Radar
- detect rainfall rates as low as
0.7 mm per hour and provides
vertical profiles of rain and snow
intensity from the surface up to
20 km.
 TRMM SATELLITE

Microwave Imager
- measures emitted microwave
energy from various sources like
the Earth, atmosphere, clouds,
and precipitation.
 TRMM SATELLITE

isible and Infrared Scanner

- captures visible and infrared

energy from the Earth,
atmosphere, and clouds.
 CLOUDSAT SATELLITE

Launched in April 2006, orbits the Earth

at an altitude of about 700 km (430 mi).
 CLOUDSAT SATELLITE

Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR)

- sensitive radar allows scientists

to examine the internal structure
of clouds.
BUILD A CLOUD!
BUILD A CLOUD!
 BUILD A CLOUD!
1. The sun heats the Earth's surface, causing the air near the surface to
warm up. Warm air is lighter than cool air, so it starts to rise.
2. As the warm air rises, it carries moisture (water vapor) from the Earth's
surface into the atmosphere.
3. The higher the air rises, the cooler the surrounding air becomes. As the
rising air cools, it loses its ability to hold water vapor.
4. When the air cools to a certain point (the dew point), the water vapor
condenses into tiny water droplets. This happens around dust or other small
particles in the atmosphere (called condensation nuclei).
5. The condensed water droplets cluster together, forming visible clouds.
 QUIZ TIME!

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read the questions
- sensitive radar allows scientists
properly. Write the letter
to examine the internal structure of the
correct
of clouds. answer.
 QUIZ TIME!
1. Which of the following is the first step in the
precipitation process?
a) Condensation
- sensitive radar allows scientists
to examine the internal structure
b) Evaporation
of clouds.
c) Transpiration
d) Runoff
 QUIZ TIME!
2. What type of precipitation occurs when
raindrops freeze as they fall through a cold layer
of -air?
sensitive radar allows scientists
to examine the internal structure
a) Rain
of clouds.
b) Sleet
c) Hail
 QUIZ TIME!
3. Which of the following is NOT a form of
precipitation?
a) Hail
- sensitive radar allows scientists
to examine the internal structure
b) Fog
of clouds.
c) Snow
d) Rain
 QUIZ TIME!
4. Hail formation is most likely to occur during
which of the following weather conditions?
a) Thunderstorm
- sensitive radar allows scientists
to examine the internal structure
b) Clear skies
of clouds.
c) Light drizzle
d) Snowstorm
 QUIZ TIME!
5. Precipitation that falls as liquid and freezes
upon contact with a cold surface is known as:
a) Freezing
- sensitive rainallows scientists
radar
to examine the internal structure
b) Sleet
of clouds.
c) Snow
d) Hail
 QUIZ TIME!
6. What is the key difference between sleet and
hail?
- sensitive
a) Sleet formsradar
duringallows
winter, scientists
hail during summer storms
to examine the internal structure
b) Hail is smaller than sleet
of clouds.
c) Sleet forms in the upper atmosphere, hail near the ground

d) Sleet forms from vapor, while hail forms from ice crystals
 QUIZ TIME!

II. IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Write the
- sensitive radar allows scientists correct
answer
to examinein thethe space
internal structurein CAPITAL
of clouds.
LETTERS.
 QUIZ TIME!

7. It refers to a meteorological
instrument used to
- sensitive radar allows scientists
measure
the amount
to examine of structure
the internal precipitation,
specifically rainfall
of clouds.
 QUIZ TIME!
8. The measuring instrument that uses
electromagnetic waves to detect
precipitation
- sensitive radarin thescientists
allows atmosphere. It's like a
to examine the internal structure
giant flashlight that sends out pulses of
of clouds.
energy.
 QUIZ TIME!

III. ESSAY (9-10)

Directions: Write
- sensitive radar allows your answer in
scientists
2-3 sentences only.
to examine the internal structure
of clouds.
 QUIZ TIME!

What is the role of

atmospheric stability in
- sensitive radar allows scientists
cloud development and
to examine the internal structure

precipitation?
of clouds.
 QUIZ TIME!

What is the role of

atmospheric stability in
- sensitive radar allows scientists
cloud development and
to examine the internal structure

precipitation?
of clouds.
GENERALIZA
TION
This team teaching lesson on meteorology is designed to help
students understand the precipitation process, atmospheric stability,
and cloud formation through collaborative instruction and interactive
activities. Five teachers—Juliana, Jheian, Alvie, April, and Jessa—each
take responsibility for different segments of the lesson, ensuring a
cohesive and engaging learning experience. The lesson incorporates
various teaching methods, including games, visuals, and group work,
to promote active student participation. The use of resources such as
PowerPoint presentations and hands-on activities enhances
comprehension, while assessments include multiple-choice questions,