LECTURE PRESENTATIONS

For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Chapter 1 Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 32

An Overview of Animal Diversity

Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Concept 32.1: Animal are multicellular,
heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that
develop from embryonic layers
Cell Structure and Specialization
•cells lack cell walls
•bodies are held together by structural proteins, collagen
•Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique, defining
characteristics of animals

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reproduction and Development
• Most reproduce sexually, with the diploid stage usually dominating the
life cycle
• After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division
called cleavage
• Cleavage  hollow blastula (gastrulation) gastrula with different
layers of embryonic tissues
• Many have at least one larval stage
– sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult; it
eventually undergoes metamorphosis
• Most animals, and only animals, have Hox genes that regulate the
development of body form

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 32.2-3

Zygote
Cleavage
Blastocoel

Cleavage

Eight-cell Blastula Cross section Gastrulation

stage of blastula
Blastocoel
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Archenteron
Cross section Blastopore
of gastrula
 • History of animals spans more than half a billion years
– 460 mya: animals began to make an impact on land
– 360 mya: vertebrates transitioned to land
• Animals can be characterized by “body plans”
– radial symmetry: no front, back, left, or right
• drifting or weakly swimming
– bilateral symmetry: 2 sides
• A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
• A right and left side; anterior (head) and posterior (tail)
• Cephalization: head development
• move actively and central nervous system

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 32.7

(a) Radial symmetry

(b) Bilateral symmetry

Cleavage
• Ectoderm: germ layer covering the embryo’s
surface
• Endoderm: innermost germ layer and lines the
developing digestive tube, called the archenteron
• Protostome: cleavage is spiral and determinate
– blastopore  mouth
• Deuterostome: cleavage is radial & indeterminate
– each cell in the early stages of cleavage retains the
capacity to develop into a complete embryo
– possible identical twins, and embryonic stem cells
– blastopore  anus

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 32.9
Protostome development Deuterostome development
(examples: molluscs, (examples: echinoderms,
annelids) chordates)
(a) Cleavage
Eight-cell stage Eight-cell stage

Spiral and determinate Radial and indeterminate

(b) Coelom formation

Coelom

Archenteron

Coelom
Mesoderm Blastopore Blastopore Mesoderm
Solid masses of mesoderm Folds of archenteron
split and form coelom. form coelom.

(c) Fate of the

blastopore Anus Mouth

Digestive tube
Key
Ectoderm
Mouth Anus
Mesoderm
Mouth develops from blastopore. Anus develops from blastopore.
Endoderm
Figure 32.10

Porifera

Metazoa
Cnidaria
ANCESTRAL

Eumetazoa
COLONIAL Ctenophora
FLAGELLATE

Deuterostomia
Ectoprocta

Brachiopoda

Echinodermata

Bilateria
Chordata

Platyhelminthes
Protostomia
Rotifera

Mollusca

Annelida

Arthropoda

Nematoda
 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 33

An Introduction to Invertebrates

Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview: Life Without a Backbone
• Invertebrates: lack a backbone
– 95% of known animal species
• Sponges: basal animals
– suspension feeders, capturing food particles
suspended in the water that passes through their body
– lack true tissues and organs

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.2

Porifera

ANCESTRAL
PROTIST Cnidaria
Eumetazoa

Common Lophotrochozoa
ancestor of
all animals
Bilateria

Ecdysozoa

Deuterostomia
Figure 33.3b
Platyhelminthes Ectoprocta Rotifera Brachiopoda
(20,000 species) (4,500 species) (1,800 species) (335 species)

0.1 mm
A brachiopod
A marine flatworm Ectoprocts A rotifer (LM)

Acanthocephala Nemertea Cycliophora Annelida

(1,100 species) (900 species) (1 species) (16,500 species)
Curved
hooks

100 m
An acanthocephalan (LM) A cycliophoran
(colorized SEM) A marine annelid
Mollusca A ribbon worm
(93,000 species)

An octopus Lophotrochozoa
Figure 33.3c
Loricifera (10 species) Priapula (16 species) Onychophora (110 species)

50 m

A loriciferan (LM) A priapulan

An onychophoran
Nematoda Tardigrada Arthropoda
(25,000 species) (800 species) (1,000,000 species)

100 m

A roundworm
(colored SEM)

Tardigrades A scorpion (an arachnid)

Ecdysozoa (colorized SEM)
Figure 33.3d
Hemichordata Chordata
(85 species) (52,000 species)

A tunicate

Echinodermata (7,000 species)

An acorn worm

Deuterostomia
A sea urchin
Cnidarians
• jellies, corals, and hydras
• diploblastic, radial body plan
• carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey
• gastrovascular cavity: single opening for mouth & anus
• Polyp: adheres to the substrate
• Medusa: bell-shaped body with mouth on underside;
move freely

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Figure 33.7

(b) Scyphozoa (c) Cubozoa (d) Anthozoa

(a) Hydrozoa
Lophotrochozoans
• coelom and a digestive tract with two openings
• flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods,
molluscs, and annelids
• Parasites: trematodes and the tapeworms

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.9

5 mm
Figure 33.12

100 m

Hooks
Sucker
Proglottids with
reproductive
structures

Scolex
Molluscs
• snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and
squids
• soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard
shell
– Muscular foot
– Visceral mass
– Mantle
• separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral
mass, but many snails are hermaphrodites

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.15

Nephridium Heart
Visceral mass
Digestive tract
Coelom Intestine
Gonads
Mantle

Mantle Stomach
cavity Shell Mouth
Radula
Anus

Gill

Mouth Radula
Foot Nerve Esophagus
cords
Figure 33.19
Figure 33.21
Squid

Octopus

Chambered
nautilus
Annelids
• bodies composed of a series of fused rings
– Polychaeta: marine
• paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in
locomotion
– Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives, and
leeches)
• Earthworms are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize
– Some reproduce asexually by fragmentation
• Leeches secrete a chemical called hirudin to
prevent blood from coagulating

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.23

Parapodia
Figure 33.24
Cuticle Coelom
Epidermis
Septum (partition
Circular muscle between segments)
Metanephridium
Longitudinal muscle
Anus
Dorsal vessel
Chaetae
Intestine
Skin

Fused Ventral vessel

nerve cords
Nephrostome
Metanephridium
Clitellum

Esophagus Crop
Pharynx Intestine
Giant Australian earthworm

Cerebral Gizzard
ganglia Ventral nerve cords
Mouth Subpharyngeal Circulatory with segmental
ganglia
ganglion system vessels
Ecdysozoans
• Cuticle: tough coat that is molted through ecdysis
– nematodes and arthropods
• Nematodes (roundworms): aquatic habitats, soil, moist
plant tissues, and body fluids and animal tissue
– alimentary canal, but no circulatory system
– Sexual reproduction in by internal fertilization
• Arthropods: segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and
jointed appendages
– with evolution, decrease in segment number and
increase in appendage specialization

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.26

25 m
Figure 33.28
 Arthropod
•Exoskeleton: chitin, molts
•eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that
function in touch and smell
•open circulatory system: hemolymph is circulated
into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Arthropod
• Chelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions,
ticks, mites, and spiders)
– Chelicerae: clawlike feeding appendages
• Spiders: Gas exchange in book lungs
– produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal
glands
• Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes)
– have jaw-like mandibles
– Millipedes: eat decaying leaves and plant matter with
two pairs per trunk segment
– Centipedes are carnivores with one pair of legs per trunk
segment

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.30
Cephalothorax Abdomen

Antennae Thorax
(sensory Head
reception)

Swimming appen-
dages (one pair per
abdominal segment

Walking legs
Pincer Mouthparts
(defense) (feeding)
Figure 33.31
Figure 33.32

50 m
Scorpion

Dust mite

Web-building
spider
Figure 33.34

(a) Millipede

(b) Centipede
Hexapods (insects): many fly
• incomplete metamorphosis: young (nymphs) resemble
small adults and molt several times until they reach full size
• complete metamorphosis: larva (maggot, grub, or
caterpillar) looks entirely different from the adult stage
• males and females
– reproduce sexually
• recognize species members: bright colors, sound, or odors
• pollinators, carriers of diseases, or pests of crops

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.37

(a) Larva (caterpillar)

(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
pupa (d) Emerging
adult

(e) Adult
Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles)

• marine and freshwater

• branched appendages for feeding and locomotion
• Small crustaceans exchange gases through the
cuticle; larger crustaceans have gills
• separate males and females

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 33.39

(a) Ghost crab

(b) Krill (c) Barnacles

Echinoderms
• slow-moving or sessile marine animals
• endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
• water vascular system: network of hydraulic canals
branching into tube feet for locomotion and feeding
• Males and females are usually separate, and sexual
reproduction is external
– Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
– Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
– Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
– Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
– Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

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Figure 33.40

Short digestive tract

Stomach
Anus
Spine
Gills

Central disk

Madreporite

Radial
nerve
Digestive glands
Ring Gonads
canal
Ampulla
Podium
Radial canal Tube feet
 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 34

The Origin and Evolution of

Vertebrates

Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal,
hollow nerve cord
• Vertebrates: vertebrae, series of bones in the
back
• colonized land 365 mya
• all vertebrates and 2 groups of invertebrates
(hagfish and echinoderms)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.2

Echinodermata

ANCESTRAL Cephalochordata

Chordates
DEUTEROSTOME
Urochordata
Notochord
Myxini

Craniates
Common
ancestor of
chordates Petromyzontida

Vertebrates
Head
Chondrichthyes

Gnathostomes
Vertebral column
Actinopterygii

Osteichthyans
Jaws, mineralized skeleton
Actinistia

Lobe-fins
Lungs or lung derivatives
Dipnoi
Lobed fins
Amphibia

Tetrapods
Amniotes
Limbs with digits Reptilia

Amniotic egg Mammalia

Milk
Derived Characters of Chordates
• Notochord: longitudinal, flexible rod between the
digestive tube and nerve cord
– skeletal support and adult retains only remnants of
the embryonic notochord
• Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
– central nervous system: brain & spinal cord

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.3

Dorsal,
Muscle hollow
segments nerve cord
Notochord

Mouth
Anus Pharyngeal
Muscular, slits or clefts
post-anal tail
Derived Characters of Chordates
• Pharyngeal slits or clefts: slits that open to the outside of the
body
– Suspension-feeding structures in invertebrate
– Gas exchange in vertebrates (except tetrapods)
– Develop into parts of the ear, head, and neck in tetrapods
• Muscular, post-anal tail
– Generally, tail is greatly reduced during embryonic
development
– contains skeletal elements and muscles
– provides propelling force in many aquatic species

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Chordates
• Lancelets: marine suspension feeders that retain
characteristics of the chordate body plan as
adults
• Tunicates: adult draws in water through an
incurrent siphon, filtering food particles

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.4

Cirri

Mouth
Pharyngeal slits
Atrium

Digestive tract
Notochord

1 cm
Atriopore
Dorsal,
Segmental
hollow
muscles
nerve cord
Anus
Tail
Figure 34.5

Incurrent
Notochord Water flow
siphon
to mouth
Dorsal, hollow Excurrent
nerve cord siphon
Tail Excurrent
siphon Excurrent
siphon Atrium
Incurrent
Muscle Pharynx
siphon
segments with
Intestine Anus numerous
slits
Stomach Intestine
Tunic
Atrium Esophagus
Pharynx with slits Stomach
(a) Tunicate larva (b) Adult tunicate (c) Adult tunicate
 • Craniates: skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs
– complex movement and feeding behaviors
• neural crest: cells near the dorsal margins of the closing
neural tube in an embryo; bones and cartilage of the skull
• Heart with at least two chambers, red blood cells with
hemoglobin, and kidneys
• Hagfishes: cartilaginous skull and axial rod
– lack jaws and vertebrae
– a small brain, eyes, ears, and tooth-like formations
– Marine, bottom-dwelling scavengers

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Figure 34.9

Slime glands
Derived Characters of Vertebrates
• Vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone
– Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
– An elaborate skull
– Fin rays, in the aquatic forms
• Lampreys: jawless vertebrates that feed by
clamping their mouth onto a live fish
• Conodonts were the first vertebrates with
mineralized skeletal elements in their mouth and
pharynx

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.10
Gnathostomes: jawed vertebrate

• jaws might have evolved from skeletal supports of the

pharyngeal slits
– Genome duplication, including duplication of Hox genes
– An enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and
vision
– In aquatic gnathostomes, the lateral line system, which is
sensitive to vibrations

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Figure 34.13

Gill slits Cranium

Mouth
Skeletal rods
Gnathostomes
• Chondrichthyans : skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
– sharks, rays, and skates
– Swim bladder: buoyancy
– Fishes have a lateral line system
• ray-finned fishes: fins, supported mainly by long, flexible rays, are
modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions
• lobe-fins: muscular pelvic and pectoral fins

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Figure 34.16

Swim Dorsal fin

bladder Caudal
Spinal cord Adipose fin fin
Brain

Nostril

Cut Anal fin

edge of
operculum Liver
Anus
Gonad Lateral
Gills
Stomach line
Kidney Pelvic
Intestine fin Urinary
Heart bladder
Figure 34.17

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

Red
lionfish
(Pterois
volitans)

Common
sea horse
(Hippocampus
ramulosus)

Fine-spotted moray eel

(Gymnothorax dovii)
Figure 34.19
Derived Characters of Tetrapods
• Four limbs, and feet with digits
• A neck, which allows separate movement
of the head
• Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
• The absence of gills (except some aquatic
species)
• Ears for detecting airborne sounds

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The Origin of Tetrapods
• Tiktaalik, nicknamed a “fishapod,” shows both fish and
tetrapod characteristics
• It had
– Fins, gills, lungs, and scales
– Ribs to breathe air and support its body
– A neck
– Fins with the bone pattern of a tetrapod limb
• Tiktaalik could most likely prop itself on its fins, but not walk

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.20

Fish Tetrapod
Characters Characters
Scales Neck
Fins Ribs
Gills and Fin skeleton
lungs Flat skull
Eyes on top
of skull
Shoulder bones
Ribs
Neck Scales
Head
Eyes on top of skull
Humerus
Flat Ulna
skull Elbow “Wrist”
Radius
Fin Fin skeleton
Amphibians
• metamorphosis of an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult
• moist skin that complements the lungs in gas exchange
• Fertilization is external, and the eggs require a moist
environment

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.22

(a) Order Urodela (salamanders)

(b) Order
Anura
(frogs)

(c) Order Apoda

(caecilians)
Amniotes are tetrapods that have a
terrestrially adapted egg
• reptiles, birds, and mammals
• amniotic egg: contains membranes that protect the embryo
• amniotic eggs of most reptiles and some mammals have a shell
• relatively impermeable skin and the ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs

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Figure 34.26

Extraembryonic membranes

Allantois Chorion
Amnion
Yolk sac

Embryo

Amniotic cavity
with amniotic Yolk
fluid (nutrients)

Shell Albumen
Reptiles
• tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds,
and the extinct dinosaurs
– Scales: waterproof barrier
– lay shelled eggs on land
• Most are ectothermic: absorbing external heat
• Birds are endothermic: keeping the body warm
through metabolism

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Figure 34.29c

(c) Wagler’s pit viper

(Tropidolaemus wagleri)
 Derived Characters of Birds
• Flight: wings with keratin feathers
• lack of a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary,
small gonads, and loss of teeth
– hunting and scavenging, escape from terrestrial
predators, and migration
– great expenditure of energy, acute vision, and fine
muscle control

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Figure 34.30

Finger 1

(b) Bone structure

Palm
(a) Wing Finger 2
Forearm Finger 3
Wrist
Shaft
Shaft
Barb
Vane Barbule
Hook
(c) Feather structure
Figure 34.33
Figure 34.34
Mammals
• Mammals have
– Mammary glands, which produce milk
– Hair
– A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy
– A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
– Differentiated teeth

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Mammals
• Monotremes: small group of egg-laying mammals,
echidnas and platypus
• Marsupials: opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
– embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s
uterus
– A marsupial is born very early in its development
– completes its embryonic development while nursing in a
maternal pouch called a marsupium
• Eutherians (Placental Mammals)
– complete embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the
mother by the placenta

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.38
Figure 34.39

(a) A young brushtail possum

(b) Long-nosed bandicoot

Figure 34.40a
Marsupial Eutherian
mammals mammals
Plantigale Deer mouse

Marsupial mole Mole

Sugar glider Flying

squirrel
Figure 34.40b
Marsupial Eutherian
mammals mammals
Wombat
Woodchuck

Wolverine
Tasmanian devil

Patagonian cavy
Kangaroo
Primates
• hands and feet adapted for grasping
• flat nails
• A large brain and short jaws
• Forward-looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception
• Complex social behavior and parental care
• A fully opposable thumb (in monkeys and apes)

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 Living Primates
• There are three main groups of living primates
– Lemurs, lorises, and pottos
– Tarsiers
– Anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.42
Homo Sapiens
• Africa 195,000 years ago
• All living humans are descended
• The oldest fossils outside Africa is 115,000 years ago
and from Middle East
• Humans first arrived in the New World sometime
before 15,000 years ago

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Figure 34.45

(a) Gibbon
(b) Orangutan

(c) Gorilla

(d) Chimpanzees

(e) Bonobos
 • Humans
– Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
– Larger brains capable of language, symbolic
thought, artistic expression, the manufacture
and use of complex tools
– Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
– Shorter digestive tract
• The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99%
identical

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The Earliest Hominins
• paleoanthropology: study of human origins
• Hominins: (hominids): are more closely related to humans
than to chimpanzees
– 20 species of extinct hominins
– originated in Africa about 6–7 million years ago
– Early hominins show evidence of small brains and
increasing bipedalism
• Early hominins were not chimpanzees; common ancestor
• Human evolution is not like a ladder leading directly to Homo
sapiens; Hominin evolution included many branches or
coexisting species, though only humans survive today

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 34.46

Paranthropus Homo Homo Homo

robustus ergaster neanderthalensis sapiens
0 ?
Paranthropus
0.5 boisei

1.0

1.5 Australopithecus
africanus
2.0
Millions of years ago

Kenyanthropus
2.5 platyops
Australopithecus
Australo- garhi Homo erectus
3.0 pithecus
anamensis
3.5
Homo
Homo rudolfensis
4.0 habilis

4.5
Australopithecus
afarensis
5.0
Ardipithecus ramidus
5.5

6.0 Orrorin tugensis

6.5
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
7.0
 • Homo ergaster: first bipedal, large-brained
hominid
– significant decrease in sexual dimorphism (a size
difference between sexes)
– originated in Africa by 1.8 mya
– first to leave Africa

• Neanderthals: lived in Europe and the Near

East from 350,000 to 28,000 years ago
– thick-boned with a larger brain
– buried their dead
– made hunting tools

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