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    Cells

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    rodrigo.a.chavez.z

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Cells

    Uploaded by

    rodrigo.a.chavez.z
    17 views31 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    17 views31 pages

    Cells

    Uploaded by

    rodrigo.a.chavez.z

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 31

    Cells

    1 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    2 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012
    What are living things made of?
    Cells are the building
    blocks of life – they come
    in all shapes and sizes.

    Some organisms are


    unicellular – they are
    made up of only one cell.

    Other organisms are multicellular – they are made


    up of many types of cells. Can you think of some
    examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms?

    Cells work together to carry out the seven life processes


    that are needed for an organism to stay alive.

    3 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    What are the seven life processes?

    4 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    How big is a cell?
    Most plant and animal cells are between 10 µm and
    100 µm in size – around the diameter of a human hair –
    and too small to see without a microscope.

    The largest cell in


    the human body is
    the female egg cell,
    (ovum) at around
    100 µm in diameter.

    The smallest human cell is the sperm cell – the head is


    around 5 µm long.

    5 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Comparing micro-organisms

    6 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Microscopes
    Thanks to advances in microscope technology, we can
    see micro-organisms with far greater detail and clarity
    than was possible in the past.

    size of image
    magnification =
    actual size of the object

    When Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered single-


    celled organisms in 1676, his microscope could magnify
    an image up to 500 times. Now, with the use of electron
    microscopes, scientists can attain a magnification as high
    as 2×106.

    7 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Specialized cells
    Most plants and animals are multicellular. The human
    body is made up of around 200 different types of cell,
    all working together.
    Most cells are specialized, meaning
    that each type of cell has a specific
    structure and function.
    All cells with a nucleus contain the
    same genes, but different cells
    activate different genes so they only
    produce the proteins they need.
    However, all cells have certain
    common features and structures
    called organelles.

    8 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    What do cells contain?

    9 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Animal or plant?

    10 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Microbial cells

    11 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Bacteria
    Unlike other cells, bacteria have no distinct nucleus.
    Instead, their genetic material is contained within a coiled
    cluster of chromosomal DNA and a single circular strand
    of plasmid DNA.

    Plasmid DNA can reproduce


    independently of chromosomal DNA,
    and can be transferred to other cells.

    Bacteria also lack mitochondria


    and chloroplasts. Some bacteria
    have one or more flagella, which
    are used for locomotion.

    12 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    13 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012
    A closer look at animal cells

    14 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Exploring animal cells

    15 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    How are animal cells adapted?

    16 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Animal cells: fit for a purpose

    17 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    18 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012
    A closer look at plant cells

    19 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Exploring plant cells

    20 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    How are plant cells adapted?

    21 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Plant cells: fit for a purpose

    22 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    What is a cell wall?
    All plant cells have a cell wall –
    a rigid layer that surrounds the
    cell membrane.
    The plant cell wall is made
    from cellulose, a
    carbohydrate polymer. The
    purpose of the cell wall is to:
     maintain the shape and structure of the cell
     protect the cell’s contents from pathogens
     prevent damage to the cell caused by excess water intake.
    Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is freely
    permeable to water and other molecules.

    23 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    What is a vacuole?
    The vacuole is a fluid–filled
    sac found within plant cells
    and some bacteria.

    The vacuole has a range of


    functions, including:

     storing waste products

     maintaining the water and pH balance of the cell

     maintaining the shape of the cell.

    The size of vacuoles depend on how much water the plant


    has absorbed.

    24 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    What are chloroplasts?
    Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis
    in plant cells.

    A green pigment in chloroplasts


    called chlorophyll absorbs the
    energy in sunlight.

    This energy is used to


    convert carbon dioxide
    and water into glucose
    and oxygen.

    25 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Which organelle?

    26 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Make a cell model
    You can make your own 3-D cell
    using the following items:
     a plastic bag
     clear gelatin
     small objects to suspend in
    the cellulose paste (these
    will represent the internal
    structures of the cell).

    Can you make a model of a


    typical plant or animal cell?

    27 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    28 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012
    Glossary

    29 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Anagrams

    30 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012


    Multiple-choice quiz

    31 of 31 © Boardworks Ltd 2012

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