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    EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

    Uploaded by

    Leanne Stewart
    PowerPoint presentation on the evidence for evolution

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

    Uploaded by

    Leanne Stewart
    3 views30 pages
    PowerPoint presentation on the evidence for evolution

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    PowerPoint presentation on the evidence for evolution

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3 views30 pages

    EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

    Uploaded by

    Leanne Stewart
    PowerPoint presentation on the evidence for evolution

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    EVIDENCE

    FOR
    EVOLUTION
    KEY POINT

    evidence of biological change over time including from


    palaeontology (the fossil record, the relative and
    absolute dating of fossils, types of fossils and the steps in
    fossilisation), biogeography, developmental biology and
    structural morphology
    Inorder to have evidence for evolution we need to find specimens
    that existed in the past and/or are transitional species.

    We also need to be able to determine the age of these


    specimens. This is where DATING TECHNIQUES are important.

    GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALE

    The earth is about 4500 m.y.o.

    The GEOLOGICAL periods are divided into eons

    ARCHEAN PROTEROZOIC
    PHANEROZOIC
    These are then divided into ERAS

    PALAEOZOIC MESOZOIC
    CENOZOIC
    WHAT
    EVIDENCE DO
    WE HAVE FOR
    EVOLUTION
    AND HOW DO
    WE DATE ANY
    EVIDENCE
    THAT WE
    HAVE?
    TWO TYPES OF DATING: RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE

    RELATIVE: Uses the Principle of Superposition


    PRINCIPLE OF CORRELATION
    Strata containing similar collections
    of fossils (called fossil
    assemblages) are of similar age.
    Also we can look at the rock
    surrounding fossils with unique
    characteristics, such as a
    geologically short lifespan
    (INDEX FOSSILS) and easily RESEARCH: What is an example of
    identifiable features, and use this an INDEX FOSSIL? Explain using the
    information to estimate the age of a important characteristics required of
    rock layer in other areas that an INDEX FOSSIL
    contain the same type of fossil or
    group of fossils.
    ABSOLUTE: RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES:
    1. Carbon 14 dating or K-Ar dating or Ar-39/Ar-40

    ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE


    1. Only useful for fossils up to the age of 60,000
    years
    2. Carbon -14 is radioactive and decays into
    Nitrogen - 14, with a half life of 5730 years
    3. When an organism is living the amount of
    C14:C12 remains constant as they are
    constantly taking these elements in
    4. Once the organism dies, it stops ingesting C
    and the C-14 will decay and decrease in
    comparison to the C12
    ELECTRON SPIN
    Fossils between 50,000 and
    RESONANCE 500,000 years old

    When objects are buried there is


    radiation in the soil that
    irradiates the objects. Electrons
    in the organisms will become
    excited and move to a higher
    energy level. The older the
    object, the more electrons at the
    higher energy level.
    RAPIDLY

    OXYGEN
    POOR
    ALKALINE
    FOSSILISATION
    PROCESS

    CAN SHOW
    EVIDENCE OF
    TRANSITIONAL HARD TISSUE
    SPECIES REPLACED BY
    MINERALS
    Archaeopteryx
    is a transitional
    fossil between
    dinosaurs and
    modern birds.
    Found in
    Germany in
    1860 it has a
    blend of avian
    and reptilian
    STUDENT ACTIVITY
    Read page 393 and add to your understanding of TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS
    CAST AND
    MOULD
    FOSSILS

    Read the FOUR


    TYPES OF
    FOSSILS and
    summarise
    Biogeography is
    the study of the
    geographical
    distributions of
    organisms. It is
    important
    because it
    provides support
    for evolution. This
    is because many
    geographical
    features -- oceans,
    mountains and
    CONTINENTAL DRIFT
    COMPARATIVE
    MORPHOLOGY

    Comparisons of anatomy
    of different species. If
    closely related, will have
    similar anatomy

    Example

    Forelimb of vertebrates

    Homologous as they
    have the same structure
    but vary in function
    These on the other hand
    are ANALOGOUS
    STRUCTURES.

    Have the same function


    but different anatomy
    EVIDENCE OF RELATEDNESS
    1. MOLECULAR
    The evolutionary history of a species can be HOMOLOGY
    seen in its DNA sequences. The more closely
    related two species are, the more similar their
    DNA sequences.
    We can see common ancestry in the
    chromosomes, themselves:
    In terms of proteins the closer the related species, the more
    a.a. Sequences they will have in common. This is because
    if the ancestor is recent, the less time for mutations to occur
    DNA-DNA HYBRIDISATION

    WHY?

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