Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

}
 2250544: Internet of
Things

UNIT - I: Introduction to Internet of Things

Presentation by
BONAGIRI KOTESWARRAO
Asst. Professor
Department of ECE
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 Syllabus

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 Course Objectives

Course Objectives:
 To introduce the terminology, technology, and its applications
 To introduce the concept of M2M (machine to machine) with necessary
protocols
 To introduce the Python Scripting Language which is used in many IoT
devices
 To introduce the Raspberry PI platform, which is widely used in IoT
applications
 To introduce the implementation of web-based services on IoT devices

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 Course Outcomes
Course Outcomes: The students should be able to
 Understand the characteristics, protocols, and communication models
required for the logical design of IoT.
 Realize the hardware platforms for implementing and interfacing the IoT-
based board with different peripheral devices and serial communication
devices.
 Develop stacks for IoT and M2M networks and configurations.
 Integrate devices and develop an application that can communicate
through IoT Cloud.
 Do case studies

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 Syllabus
UNIT - I
Introduction to Internet of Things –Definition and Characteristics of IoT. Physical Design of IoT
– IoT Protocols. Logical Design of IoT -IoT Communication Models, IoT Communication APIs.
IoT Enabling Technologies – Wireless Sensor Networks, Cloud Computing, Big data analytics,
Communication protocols, Embedded Systems. IoT Levels and Deployment Templates.

UNIT - II
Python packages - JSON, XML, HTTPLib, URLLib, SMTPLib, RPi.GPIO.

IoT Physical Devices and Endpoints - Introduction to Raspberry PI, Interfaces (serial, SPI, I2C).
Programming Raspberry PI with Python - Controlling LED, interfacing an LED and Switch, Interfacing
a Light Sensor with Raspberry Pi.

UNIT - III
Domain Specific IoTs – Home, City, Environment, Energy Systems, Retail, Logistics, Agriculture,
Industry, Health and Lifestyle.

IoT and M2M – Software Defined Networks, Network Function Virtualization, Difference between
SDN and NFV for IoT. IoT System Management with NETCONF-YANG: SNMP, NETCONF, YANG,
NETOPEER.

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 Syllabus
UNIT - IV
IoT Physical Servers and Cloud Offerings – Introduction to Cloud Storage models and
communication APIs, WAMP- Auto Bahn for IoT, Cloud for IoT, Python Web Application Framework,
Designing a RESTful Web API.

UNIT - V
Case Studies Illustrating IoT Design: Home Automation and Agriculture.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Internet of Things - A Hands-on Approach, Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay Madisetti, Universities
Press, 2015.
2. Learning Internet of Things by Peter Waher, Packt publisher, 2015.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
3. Getting started with sensors: Measure the world with Electronics, Arduino, and Raspberry,
Kimmokarvinen and teroKarvenien, First Edition, Shroff/O’Reilly, 2014.
4. Getting started with Raspberry Pi, Richardson Matt, Shroff Publishers & Distributers Private
Limited.2015
5. Practical Internet of Things Security by Brian Russell, Drew Van Duren, Packt publisher, 2016.

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 Text & Reference Books

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Internet of Things - A Hands-on Approach, Arshdeep Bahga and Vijay Madisetti, Universities Press,
2015.
2. Learning Internet of Things by Peter Waher, Packt publisher, 2015.

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 Learning Outcome
Learning Outcome
• The main scope of unit 1 is
• The building blocks of Internet of Things (IoTs) and their
characteristics.
• A taxonomy of IoT systems is proposed comprising of various IoT levels
with increasing levels of complexity.
• Domain-specific Internet of Things and their real-world applications.

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 What can IoT do?

Knowledge Level
CO No Course Outcomes
(Bloom’s Taxonomy)

Understand the characteristics, protocols, and communication

CO 1 L2 (Understand)
models required for the logical design of IoT.

Realize the hardware platforms for implementing and interfacing

CO 2 the IoT-based board with different peripheral devices and serial L4 (Analyze)
communication devices.

CO 3 Develop stacks for IoT and M2M networks and configurations. L6 (Create )

Integrate devices and develop an application that can

CO 4 L4 (Analyze)
communicate through IoT Cloud

CO 5 Do case studies L3 (Apply)

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 What is IoT?

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 What is IoT?

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 What is IoT?

Kevin Ashton, in a
presentation of Procter &
Gamble in 1999, coined the
term “Internet of Things“.
Almost every area, device,
sensor, software, etc
are connected to each
other. The ability to access
these devices through a
smartphone or through a
computer is called IoT. These
devices are accessed from a
distance. KSRAO @ Dept. of ECE 13
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 What is IoT?

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 What is IoT?

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 What is IoT?

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 What is IoT?

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 Where is the IoT is used?

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 Where is the IoT is used?

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 Where is the IoT is used?

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 Chapter – 1

Introduction to Internet of
1.1 Introduction Things
1.2 Physical Design of IoT

1.3 Logical Design of IoT

1.4 IoT Enabling Technologies

1.5 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

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 Introduction to Internet of Things

•Internet Of Things is Fully Networked and Connected Devices sending analytics data
back to cloud or data center.

•The definition of Internet of things is that it is the network in which every object or
thing is provided unique identifier and data is transferred through a network
without any verbal communication.

•Scope of IoT is not just limited to just connecting things to the internet, but
it allows these things to communicate and exchange data, process them as
well as control them while executing applications.

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 Introduction to Internet of Things

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 Applications of IoT

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 Definition of IoT

• A dynamic global network infrastructure with self- configuring

capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication

protocols, where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical

attributes, and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into

information network that communicate data with users and environments.

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 Characteristics of IoT
• Dynamic & Self-Adapting

• Self-Configuring

• Interoperable Communication Protocols

• Unique Identity

• Integrated into Information Network

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 Characteristics of IoT
Dynamic Global Network & Self-Adapting :
IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the
changing contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions, user‘s
context or sensed environment.
Eg: the surveillance system is adapting itself based on context and
changing conditions.

Self Configuring :
Allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain
functionality.

Eg. Fetching the latest s/w updates without manual intervention.

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 Characteristics of IoT
Interoperable Communication Protocols :

•Communicate through various protocols.

•support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can
communicate with other devices and also with infrastructure.
Unique Identity :

•Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier(IP address).
• Such as Unique IP Address or a URI

Integrated into Information Network :

•This allows to communicate and exchange data with other devices to perform
certain analysis.

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 Physical Design of IoT

1.2.1 Things in IoT

The "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities
and can perform remote sensing and actuating and have monitoring
capabilities.
IoT devices can:
• Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or
indirectly), or
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally, or
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends
for processing the data, or
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure,
based on temporal and space constraints

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 Physical Design of IoT

IoT devices

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 Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device

• An IoT device may consist of

several interfaces for
connections to other devices,
both wired and wireless.

• I/O interfaces for sensors

• Interfaces for internet

connectivity

• Memory and storage

interfaces

• Audio/video interfaces

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 1.2.2 IoT Protocols

•IoT protocols can be divided in terms of the role they play within the
network.
•Among many others, there are protocols used in
• Connectivity infrastructure (e.g. 6LowPAN),
• Communications (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth),
• Data transmission (MQTT, CoAP, XMPP),
• Security (DTLS), and
• Device management as well as telemetry (LwM2M).

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 IoT Protocols
Link Layer
802.3 – Ethernet
802.11 – WiFi
802.16 – WiMax
802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
2G/3G/4G
Network/Internet Layer
IPv4
IPv6
6LoWPAN
Transport Layer
TCP
UDP
Application Layer
HTTP
CoAP
WebSocket
MQTT
XMPP
DDS
AMQP

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 IoT Protocols - Link Layer
•Link Layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over the networks
physical layer or medium(example copper wire, electrical cable, or radio wave).
•The Scope of The Link Layer is the Last Local Network connections to which host is
attached. Host on the same link exchange data packets over the link layer using the
link layer protocol.
•Link layer determines how the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware
device over the medium to which the host is attached.

•Link Layer Protocols :

• 802.3 – Ethernet
• 802.11 – WiFi
• 802.16 – WiMax
• 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
• 2G/3G/4G – Mobile communication

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 IoT Protocols - Link Layer - 802.3 Ethernet
• 802.3 is a collections of wired Ethernet standards for the link layer

Sr.No Standard Shared medium

1 802.3 Coaxial Cable…10BASE5

2 802.3.i Copper Twisted pair …..10BASE-T

3 802.3.j Fiber Optic……10BASE-F

4 802.3.ae Fiber…..10Gbits/s
• Standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits per second and the
higher.
• The shared medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable , twisted pair wire or and
Optical fiber.
• Shared medium carries the communication for all the devices on the network.

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 IoT Protocols - Link Layer – 802.11 WiFi

• IEEE 802.3 is a collections of wireless Local area network.(WLAN) communication

standards, including extensive descriptions of the link layer.
• Data Rates from 1Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s

SNo Standard Operates in

1 802.11a 5 GHz band

2 802.11b and 802.11g 2.4GHz band

3 802.11.n 2.4/5 GHz bands

4 802.11.ac 5GHz band

5 802.11.ad 60GHz band

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 IoT Protocols - Link Layer – 802.16 WiMax

•IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wirless broadband and Standards, including

extensive descriptions for the link layer also called WiMAX.

•WiMax standard provides a data rates from from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s

•The recent update provides data rates of hundred megabits per second for

mobile station.

Sr.No Standard Data Rate

1 802.16m 100Mb/s for mobile stations 1Gb/s for fixed

stations

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 IoT Protocols - Link Layer – 802.15.4 LR-WPAN

• IEEE 802.1 5.4 is a collection of standards for low-rate wireless personal

area networks (LR-WPAN).

• These standards form the basis of specifications for high-level

communication Zigbee.

• LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40k b/ s to 250Kb/s

• These standards provide low-cost and low-speed Communications for

power-constrained devices.

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 IoT Protocols - Link Layer – 2G/3G/4G Mobile
Communication
• These are the different generations of mobile communication standards including
second generation (2G including GSM and CDMA).
• 3rd Generation (3G including UMTS and CDMA2000) and 4th generation 4G
including LTE.
• Data Rates from 9.6Kb/s (for 2G) to up to 100Mb/s (for 4G)

Sr.No Standard Operates in

1 2G GSM-CDMA

2 3G UMTS and CDMA 2000

3 4G LTE

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 IoT Protocols - Network/Internet Layer
•The network layer are responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source
network to the destination network.
•This layer Performs the host addressing and packet routing.
•The datagrams contains a source and destination address which are used to route
them from the source to the destination across multiple networks.
•Host Identification is done using the hierarchy IP addressing schemes such as ipv4 or
IPv6.
•Network/Internet Layer Protocols
• IPv4
• IPv6
• 6LoWPAN

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 IoT Protocols - Network/Internet Layer
• IPV4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
• Used to identify the devices on a network using hierarchical
addressing scheme
• Uses 32-bit address scheme

• IPV6

• Uses 128-bit address scheme

• 6LoWPAN (IPV6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)

• Used for devices with limited processing capacity
• Operates in 2.4 Ghz
• Data Rates of 250Kb/s

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 IoT Protocols - Transport Layer

•Provide end-to-end message transfer capability independent of the underlying

network
•The message transfer capability can be set up on connections, either using a
handshake or without handshake acknowledgments

•It provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow- control and congestion
control

•Transport Layer Protocols:

• TCP

• UDP

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 IoT Protocols - Transport Layer - TCP
•Transmission Control Protocol

•Connection Oriented

•Ensures Reliable transmission

•Provides Error Detection Capability to ensure no duplicity of packets and

retransmit lost packets
•Flow Control capability to ensure the sending data rate is not too high for the
receiver process

•Congestion control capability helps in avoiding congestion which leads to

degradation of n/w performance

•It is the most widely used transport layer protocol that is used by web
browsers (HTTP application layer protocols), email programs (SMTP
application layer protocol) and file transfer protocol (FTP).
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 IoT Protocols - Transport Layer - UDP

• User Datagram Protocol

• Connectionless

• Does not ensure Reliable transmission

• Does not make a connection before transmitting

• Does not provide proper ordering of messages

• Transaction oriented and stateless

• Use full for time-sensitive applications with tiny data units to exchange
and do not want the overhead of the connection setup.

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 IoT Protocols - Application Layer

•Application layer protocol define how the application interfaces with the lower layer
protocols to send the data over the network.
•Data are typically in files, is encoded by the application layer protocol and
encapsulated in the transport layer protocol .
•Application layer protocol enable process-to-process connection using ports.

•Application Layer Protocols:

• HTTP
• CoAP
• WebSocket
• MQTT
• XMPP
• DDS
• AMQP

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 IoT Protocols - Appli Layer - HTTP
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol

• Forms foundation of World Wide Web(WWW)

• Includes commands such as GET,PUT, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE..etc

• Follows a request-response model

• Uses Universal Resource Identifiers(URIs) to identify HTTP resources

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 IoT Protocols - Appli Layer – CoAP

•Constrained Application Protocol

•Used for Machine to machine (M2M) applications meant for constrained

devices and n/w’s
•Web transfer protocol for IoT and uses request-response model
•Uses client –server architecture
•Supports methods such as GET,POST, PUT and DELETE

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 IoT Protocols - Appli Layer – WebSocket
• Allows full-duplex communication over single socket

• Based on TCP

• Client can be a browser, IoT device or mobile application

IoT Protocols - Appli Layer – MQTT

• Message Queue Telemetry Transport, light-weight messaging protocol

• Based on the publish-subscribe model
• Uses client–server architecture, where client connects to the server and
publishes messages to the topics on the server
• Well suited for constrained environments where devices have limited
processing, low

memory and n/w bandwidth requirement

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 IoT Protocols - Appli Layer – XMPP

•Extensible messaging and presence protocol

•For Real time communication and streaming XML data between n/w
entities
•Used for Applications such as Multi-party chat, voice/video calls, gaming,
and messaging.
•IoT Protocolsprotocol
Decentralized - Appli Layer – DDS
and uses client server architecture.

•Data Distribution service is a data-centric middleware standard for device-

to-device or machine-to-machine communication.
•Publish subscribe model where publishers create topics for subscribers to
use.
•It also Provides Quality-of-service control and configurable reliability.

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 IoT Protocols - Appli Layer – AMQP

•Advanced Messaging Queuing Protocol used for business messaging.

•Supports both point-to-point and publisher/subscriber models, routing and

queuing

•Broker here receives messages from publishers and route them over
connections to consumers through messaging queues.

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 1.3 Logical Design of IoT

1.3.1 IoT Functional Blocks

1.3.2 IoT Communication Models
1.3.3 IoT Communication APIs

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 1.3 Logical Design of IoT

•Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract representation of the

entities and processes without going into the low-level specifics of the

implementation.

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 1.3.1 IoT Functional Blocks

•An IoT system comprises a number of functional blocks that provide the
system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation, communication
and management.

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 1.3.1 IoT Functional Blocks

•Device : Devices such as sensing, actuation, monitoring and control

functions.

•Communication : IoT Protocols -handle the communication systems

•Services like device monitoring, device control services, data publishing

services and device discovery

•Management : Functions to govern the system

•Security : Functions as authentication, authorization, message and content

integrity, and data security

•Applications: IoT application provides and interface that the user can used
to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Application also
allow users to view the system status and view or analyze the processed to
data
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 1.3.2 IoT Communication Models

•We have four communication Models

• Request–Response

• Publish–Subscribe

• Push–Pull

• Exclusive Pair

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 Request–Response

•Request–Response is a communication model in which the client sends

requests to the server and the server responds to the requests.
•When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the response, and then
sends the response to the client.
•Stateless communication model
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 Publish–Subscribe
• Publish–Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers,
brokers and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of data. Publishers send the data to the topics
which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the
consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
• When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the
data to all the subscribed consumers.

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 Push–Pull
• In which the data producers push the data to queues and the consumers pull the
data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers.

• Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and consumers.

• Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the
consumers pull data.

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 Exclusive Pair

• Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional,

fully duplex communication model
that uses a persistent connection
between the client and the server.

• Once the connection is set up it,

remains open until the client
sends a request to close the
connection.

• Client and server can send

messages to each other after
connection setup.

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 1.3.3 IoT Communication APIs

•REST-based Communication APIs

•WebSocket-based Communication APIs

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 REST-Based
 Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which
you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and
how resource states are addressed and transferred.

 REST APIs follow the request-

response communication model.
 REST architectural constraints apply
to the components, connectors, and
data elements within a distributed
hypermedia system.

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 REST-Based Constraints
• Client – Server

• Separation of concerns

• Stateless

• Each request must contain all the information necessary to understand the
request

• Cacheable

• Cache-able or Non-cache-able.

• Layered System

• Each component cannot see beyond the immediate layer

• Uniform Interface

• Communication between a client and server must be uniform

• Code on demand

• Executable code or scripts (Optional)

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 WebSocket-based

• WebSocket APIs allow bi-

directional, full duplex
communication between
clients and servers.

• WebSocket APIs follow the

exclusive pair communication
model.

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 Difference between REST and WebSocket
Comparison
REST Websocket
Based on

State Stateless Stateful

Directional Unidirectional Bidirectional

Req-Res/Full
Follow Request Response Model Exclusive Pair Model
Duplex

TCP Each HTTP request involves setting Involves a single TCP

Connections up a new TCP Connection Connection for all requests

Header Each request carries HTTP Headers, Does not involve overhead
Overhead hence not suitable for real-time of headers.

Both horizontal and vertical are

Scalability Only Vertical is easier
easier
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 1.4 IoT Enabling Technologies

1.4.1 Wireless Sensor Networks

1.4.2 Cloud Computing

1.4.3 Big Data Analytics

1.4.4 Communication Protocols

1.4.5 Embedded Systems

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 1.4 IoT Enabling Technologies

• Wireless Sensor Network

• Cloud Computing

• Big Data Analytics

• Embedded Systems

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 1.4.1 Wireless Sensor Networks

•Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental

and physical conditions

•Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinators too

•Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts as gateway that

connects WSN to internet

•Routers route the data packets from end nodes to coordinators.

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 1.4.1 Wireless Sensor Networks

Example

• Weather monitoring system

• Indoor Air quality monitoring system

• Soil moisture monitoring system

• Survelliance systems

• Health monitoring systems

Protocols

• Zigbee

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 1.4.2 Cloud Computing

• Deliver applications and services over the internet

• Provides computing, networking, and storage resources on demand

• Cloud computing performs services such as Iaas, Paas and Saas

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 Types of Cloud Computing

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 Types of Deployment Models

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 Types of service Models

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 Types of service Models

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 1.4.3 Big Data Analytics
 Collection of data whose volume, velocity, or variety is too large and difficult to
store, manage, process, and analyze the data using traditional databases.

 It involves data cleansing, processing, and visualization

 Lots of data is being collected and warehoused

 Web data, e-commerce
 purchases at department/ grocery stores
 Bank/Credit Card transactions
 Social Network

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 1.4.3 Big Data Analytics

 Some examples of big data generated by IoT systems are described as

follows
 Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather monitoring
stations
 Machine sensor data collected from sensor embedded in Industrial
and energy system for monitoring their files and protecting failure
 Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable
fitness band.
 Data generated by IoT system for Location tracking of vehicle.
 Data generated by retail inventory monitoring system.

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 1.4.4 Communication Protocols

 Communications protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable

network connectivity and coupling to applications.
 Communications protocols allow devices to exchange data over the
network.
 These protocols define the data exchange formats and data encoding
schemes for devices and routing of packets from source to destination.
 Other functions of the protocol include sequence control flow control and
transmissions of Lost packets.

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 1.4.5 Embedded Systems

 An Embedded system is computer system that has computer hardware

and software embedded perform specific task.
 In contrast to general purpose computers or personal computers which
can perform various types of tasks, embedded systems are designed to
perform a specific set of tasks.
 Embedded system include
 Microprocessor and Microcontroller
 Memory – RAM, ROM, cache
 Networking units (Ethernet WI-FI adaptor)
 Input/output unit display keyboard , display and
 Storage such as Flash Memory
 Some embedded system have specialist processes such as digital signal
processor DSP graphic processor and application.
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 1.5 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

1.5.1 IoT Level-1

1.5.2 IoT Level-2

1.5.3 IoT Level-3

1.5.4 IoT Level-4

1.5.5 IoT Level-5

1.5.6 IoT Level-6

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 1.5 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

An IoT system comprises the following components:

• Device
• Resource
• Controller Service
• Database
• Web Service
• Analysis Component
• Application

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 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

Device: An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and

remote monitoring capabilities.
Resource: Software components on the IoT device for
 accessing, processing, and storing sensor information,
 controlling actuators connected to the device.
 enabling network access for the device.
Controller Service:
 Controller service is a native service that runs on the device and
interacts with the web services.
 It sends data from the device to the web service and receives
commands from the application (via web services) for controlling the
device.

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 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates

Database: The database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data
generated by the IoT device.
Web Service:
 Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database, and
analysis components.
 It can be implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using
the WebSocket protocol (WebSocket service).
Analysis Component: This is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generating
results in a form that is easy for the user to understand.
Application:
 IoT applications provide an interface that the users can use to control and
monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
 Applications also allow users to view the system status and the processed data.

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 1.5.1 IoT Level-1

 A level-1 IoT system has a single

node/device that performs sensing
and/or actuation, stores data,
performs analysis and hosts the
application.
 Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for
modeling low-cost and low-
complexity solutions where the data
involved is not big and the analysis
requirements are not
computationally intensive.

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 IoT Level-1 : Example – Home Automation

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 IoT Level-1 : Example – Home Automation

 Let us now consider done example of a Level 1 IoT system for home
automation. This system consists of the single node that allows controlling
the lights and appliances in your home remotely . The device used in this
system interfaces with their lights and appliances using electronic relay
switches.
 The status information of each light or appliance is maintained in a local
database. REST service deployed locally Allows retrieving and updating
the state of the each light or appliance in the status database.
 The controller service continuously monitors the state of each light or
appliance and triggers the relay switches accordingly. The applications
which is deployed locally has a user interface for controlling the lights or
appliances. since the device is connected to the internet, the application
can be accessed remotely as well.
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 1.5.2 IoT Level-2

 A level-2 IoT system has a single

node that performs sensing and/or
actuation and local analysis.
 Data is stored in the cloud and the
application is usually cloud-based.
 Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for
solutions where the data involved is
big; however, the primary analysis
requirement is not computationally
intensive and can be done locally.

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 IoT Level-2 : Example – Smart Irrigation

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 IoT Level-2 : Example – Smart Irrigation

 The system consists of the single node that monitor the soil moisture level
and control segregation system.
 The device used in this system collect soil moisture data from sensor the
controller service continuously monitor the moisture level.
 If the monster level drops below a threshold ‘t’ , the irrigation system is
turned on.
 For controlling the irrigation system actuators such as solenoid valve can
be used.
 Rest Web Services is used for storing and retrieving data which is stored in
the cloud database.
 A cloud based application is used for visualizing the moisture level over a
period of time, which can help in making decisions about irrigation
schedules.
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 1.5.3 IoT Level-3

• A level-3 IoT system has a

single node.
• Data is stored and analyzed in
the cloud and the application
is cloud-based.
• Level-3 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where the data
involved is big and the
analysis requirements are
computationally intensive

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 IoT Level-3 : Example – Tracking Package Handling

Sensors used
Accelerometer: sense movement or vibrations
Gyroscope: Gives orientation info

• Websocket service is used because sensor data can be sent in real time.

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IoT Level-3 : Example – Tracking Package Handling
 The system consists of a single node that monitors the vibration level for
package being shipped.
 The device in the system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensor for
monitoring vibration levels.
 The controller service send sensor data to the cloud in real time using a
website service.
 The data is stored in the cloud and also visualized using a cloud based
application.
 The analysis component in the cloud can Trigger alert the vibration level
become greater than threshold.
 The benefit of using websocket service instead of the REST service this
example the sensor data can be sent in real-time to the cloud.
 Cloud based application can subscribe to the sensor data feeds for you in
the real-time data.
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 1.5.4 IoT Level-4
• A level-4 IoT system has
multiple nodes that perform
local analysis.
• Data is stored in the cloud
and the application is cloud-
based.
• Level-4 contains local and cloud-
based observer nodes which
can subscribe and receive
information collected in the
cloud from IoT devices.
• Level-4 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions where multiple
nodes are required, the data
involved is big and the
analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.

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 IoT Level-4 : Example – Noise Monitoring

Sound Sensors are used

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 IoT Level-4 : Example – Noise Monitoring

 The system consists of multiple notes placed in different locations for

monitoring noise level in an area.
 In this example with sound sensor.
 Nodes are independent of each other each node runs in one controller
service that sends the data to the cloud.
 The data is stored in a cloud database the analysis of the data collected
from several notes is done in the cloud

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 1.5.5 IoT Level-5
 A level-5 IoT system has
multiple end nodes and one
coordinator node.
 The end nodes perform sensing
and/or actuation.
 The coordinator node collects
data from the end nodes and
sends it to the cloud.
 Data is stored and analyzed in
the cloud and the application
is cloud- based.
 Level-5 IoT systems are suitable
for solutions based on
wireless sensor networks, in
which the data involved is big
and the analysis
requirements are
computationally intensive

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 IoT Level-5 : Example – Forest Fire Detection

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 IoT Level-5 : Example – Forest Fire Detection

 The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for

monitoring temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels in a forest.
 The endnotes in this example are equipped with various sensors such as
temperature humidity and to CO2.
 The coordinator node collects the data from the end nodes and act as a
Gateway that provides internet connectivity to the IoT system.
 The controller service on the coordinator device sends the collected data
to the cloud .The data is stored in the cloud database.
 The analysis of the data is done in the computing cloud to aggregate the
data and make prediction.

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 1.5.6 IoT Level-6
• A level-6 IoT system has
multiple independent end
nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation and send data
to the cloud.
• Data is stored in the cloud
and the application is cloud-
based.
• The analytics component
analyzes the data and stores the
results in the cloud database.
• The results are visualized with
the cloud-based application.
• The centralized controller is
aware of the status of all the end
nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes.

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 IoT Level-6 : Example – Weather Monitoring
System

• Wind speed and direction

• Solar radiation
Sensors used
• Temperature (air, water, soil)
• Relative humidity
 Chapter -1- Introduction to Internet of Things

1.4 IoT Enabling Technologies

1.1 Introduction
1.4.1 Wireless Sensor Networks
1.1.1 Definition & Characteristics of IoT
1.4.2 Cloud Computing
1.2 Physical Design of IoT
1.4.3 Big Data Analytics
1.2.1 Things in IoT
1.4.4 Communication Protocols
1.2.2 IoT Protocols
1.4.5 Embedded Systems
1.3 Logical Design of IoT
1.5 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
1.3.1 IoT Functional Blocks
1.5.1 IoT Level-1
1.3.2 IoT Communication Models
1.5.2 IoT Level-2
1.3.3 IoT Communication APIs
1.5.3 IoT Level-3
1.5.4 IoT Level-4
1.5.5 IoT Level-5
1.5.6 IoT Level-6