NATURE OF

INQUIRY &
RESEARCH
Practical Research 2
 Measurable Intervention
Statistical Experimental group
Objective Deductive
Narrative Tables & Charts
Text-based Generalizable
Unstructured Observation Behavior
Inductive
Subjective
What’s New
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Measurable Behavior
Statistical Narrative
Objective objective
Intervention Text-based
Experimental group Unstructured Observation
Deductive Inductive
Tables & Charts Subjective
Generalizable
INTRODUCTION TO
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Lesson 1
 WHAT IS
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH?
Characteristics of Quantitative
Research:
1. Large sample size
2. Objective
3. Visual result presentation
4. Faster Data Analysis
5. Generalized Data
6. Fast Data Collection
7. Reliable Data
8. Replication.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth.
2. It does not provide comprehensive explanation of human
experiences.
3. Some information cannot be described by numerical data such as
feelings , and beliefs.
4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses.
6. The respondents may tend to provide inaccurate responses.
7. A large sample size makes data collection more costly.
QUIZ
IDENTIFY IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE OR FALSE.

1. Quantitative data can be presented using tables and graphs.

2. Quantitative research is flexible so at any stage , the study
may change.
3. The research study cannot be replicated or repeated because
it is unique in every case.
4. Quantitative data are more credible, reliable, and useful than
qualitative data.
5. Data analysis is an on-going process. It can be done at any
stage of the process.
IDENTIFY IF THE STATEMENT IS TRUE OR FALSE.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and analyzed statistically.
7. The behavior of the participants is observed and is critical to
the analysis of results.
8. The results of quantitative research can be used to
generalized and predict.
9. Analysis of data is less time-consuming.
10.In quantitative research, the researcher participates and
engages the participants in the study.
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
METHODS
Kinds of Quantitative Research
◦Descriptive Design
 Survey
 Correlational Design
 Ex post Facto Design
 Comparative Design
 Evaluative Research
◦Quasi-experimental Design
◦Experimental Design
Descriptive Research
◦The main purpose is to observe, describe and document
aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and
sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis
generation or theory development.
◦Example: “ the determination of the different kinds of physical
activities and how often high school students do it during the
quarantine period”
Survey Research

◦A survey is intended to acquire information

from people concerning the predominance,
distribution, and interrelations of variables
within the identified group of people.
◦For example: Voter Preferences, Survey on sexual violence
against women and girls in Quezon City
Correlational Design
◦Correlational research is a type of research method that
involves observing two variables in order to establish a
statistically corresponding relationship between them.
The aim of correlational research is to identify variables
that have some sort of relationship to the extent that a
change in one creates some change in the other.
◦For example, correlational research may reveal the statistical
relationship between high-income earners and relocation;
that is, the more people earn, the more likely they are to
relocate or not.
3 Types of Correlational Design
◦Bivariate correlational studies- obtain scores from 2
variables for each subject, then use them to calculate
a correlation coefficient.
Example: Children of wealthier (variable #1), better educated
(variable #2) parents earn higher salaries as adults.
◦Prediction studies- use correlation co-efficient to
show how one variable (the predictor variable)
predicts another (the criterion variable)
◦Example: A Predictive Correlational Study of the Relationship
Between Grit and Self-efficacy Beliefs Among Pre-service Teachers
Ex-Post Facto Design
◦These are non-experimental design that are used to
investigate causal relationships.
◦Examines whether one or more pre-existing conditions could
possibly have caused subsequent difference in groups of
subjects.
◦ For example, a researcher is interested in how weight influences self-esteem levels
in adults. So the participants would be separated into differing groups
(underweight, normal weight, overweight) and their self esteem levels measured.
This is an ex post facto design because a pre-existing characteristic (weight) was
used to form the groups.
Comparative Research Design
◦This design is used to compare two distinct
groups on the basis if selected attributes such
as knowledge level, perceptions, and attitudes,
physical or psychological symptoms.
◦Example: A Comparative Study on the health problems among
rural and urban older people from district Mehsana, Gujarat.
 Evaluative Research
◦Seeks to assess or judge in some way providing
information about something other than might
be gleaned in mere observation or investigation
of relationships.
◦Example: example User-feedback survey
Quasi-Experimental Design/ Causal-
Comparative Research
◦Quasi-experimental research design is a type of research that
aims to identify the causal relationship between an
independent and dependent variable but without the full
control over the independent variable(s) that is available in a
true experimental design

◦ For Example: “The Effect of Studying in Catholic Schools on the Moral Value
System of those who graduate from these schools”
Experimental Research

◦Experimental research is a scientific approach

to research, where one or more independent
variables are manipulated and applied to one
or more dependent variables to measure their
effect on the latter.
◦For example: “ The effect of counselling and medical
treatment on alcoholism”
WHAT HAVE YOU LEARNED?
◦WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?
◦WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH?
◦WHAT ARE THE STRENGHTH OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?
◦WHAT ARE THE WEAKNESSES OF QUANTITIVE RESEARCH?
◦WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS
DISCUSSED? DESCRIBE EACH.
EVALUATION:
Given are research titles or examples, identify what research design was used in
the study/research.
1. A description of How Senior High School students celebrate their
birthdays.
2. The Effect of Gender on College Choices
3. The Effect of positive reinforcement on one’s attitude to excel in
school.
4. The relationship between entrance exam results and attendance in
review centers.
5. The Effect of a kind and supportive home room adviser on the
student’s helpfulness.
Part B:
1. Describe a Quantitative Research in 3 sentences by naming some of
its characteristics (Strength & Weaknesses). 5 pts.
Assignment:
◦ Study five (5) different quantitative research titles and classify them as to which quantitative
research design they belong. Follow the following format. (25 pts)

Research Title Quantitative Research Justification

Design
The study wants to
establish cause-effect
The effect of good family
Causal comparative/ Quasi- relationship but a pre-
upbringing to good
experimental Design existing group (family) is
performance in class
present so randomization
is not necessary
 IMPORTANCE OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH ACROSS
FIELDS
LESSON 2
WHAT IS THE ROLE
OF RESEARCH?
 Social
Science

Busine Natural/
Physical
ss Science

Quantitative
Research
Agriculture
Environment
and
al Science
Fisheries

Arts and
Sports
Design
 WHAT’S MORE:
MAKE A CONCEPT MAP OR ANY DIAGRAM
EXPRESSING THE IDEA OF OTHER FIELDS WHERE
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAN BE APPLIED.
DISCUSS/EXPLAIN WHY QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
IS IMPORTANT IN THOSE FIELDS.
 Journalism

Quantitative
Anthropology History
Research

Engineering
What is
the Role
of
Quantitati
ve
Research
across
different
Fields?
Assignment:
Search online, from a book or publication one particular quantitative study
for every field below and indicate its contribution to the development of
knowledge to that field.
Field Title/Author/s, Year Contribution
Published
The Better You Fee the Finds way to improve
Better You Learn: Do Warm learning through colors and
Colors and Rounded shapes.
Education
Shapes Enhance Learning
Outcome in Multimedia
Learning?
Medicine
Humanities and Social
Sciences
Agriculture
ICT
LESSON 3
VARIABLES IN
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Lesson 3
Variables
◦a variable represents a measurable attribute that
changes or varies across the experiment whether
comparing results between multiple groups, multiple people
or even when using a single person in an experiment
conducted over time.
◦For example: During quarantine period, your mother
planted tomato seedlings in pots. Several factors are
affecting the growth of tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of
soil, and nutrients in soil.
• If there is an existing relationship between the independent and
dependent variables, then the value of the dependent variable
varies in response to the manipulation done in the independent
variable.
• In experimental research, the independent variable is pre-defined
and manipulated by researcher while the dependent variable is
observed and measured.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
(Presumed cause) (Presumed effect)

Amount of sunlight The Growth of tomatoes

Water The number of fruits
Nutrients in Soil produced
Extraneous Variable
◦Other factors that may influence the outcome( dependent
variable) which are not manipulated or pre-defined by the
researcher.
◦Example (based on previous example): Pests and environmental
stressors (pets, extreme weather)
◦It is crucial to identify and control such variables to not threaten
the internal validity of the result.
◦Controlling extraneous variable can be done by holding it
constant or distribute its effects across the treatment.
Confounding Variable
◦These refers to the uncontrolled extraneous variables that it
caused considerable effects to the final outcomes.
◦Example of a confounding variable
◦You collect data on sunburns and ice cream consumption. You find
that higher ice cream consumption is associated with a higher
probability of sunburn. Does that mean ice cream consumption
causes sunburn?
◦ Here, the confounding variable is temperature: hot temperatures cause people
to both eat more ice cream and spend more time outdoors under the sun,
resulting in more sunburns.
Quantitative Variables
◦Also called numerical variables are the type of variables used
in quantitative research because they are numeric and can be
measured.
A. Discrete Variables- e.g. number of students in a class
B. Continuous Variables- e.g. height, temperature
i. Interval- IQ score, temperature
ii. Ratio- age, height, weight, distance
Qualitative Variables
◦Also called categorical variable , these are not expressed in
numbers but are descriptions or categories.
A. Dichotomous – yes or no, sex
B. Nominal- blood type, hair color, mode of transportation
C. Ordinal – survey numerical rating (5=highest, 1=lowest),
categorical rating (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree
and strongly disagree), cancer stage, Spotify top 20 hits,
academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors)
What’s More
Identify the independent, dependent variable and extraneous variable/s in each of the following.

1) Three groups of students were placed in a classroom with controlled room temperatures of C, C,C. Then
math exam scores of the students were taken and compared to the other groups.
Independent Variable: ______________________________________________________
Dependent Variable: ________________________________________________________
Extraneous Variable: _________________________________________________________
2) An online seller would like to know whether the indication of price on Facebook posts will attract
consumers more. He posted 50 products for sale on Facebook market, 25 of which he indicated the price
while the remaining 25 products, did not have prices. Buyers were just instructed to send him a personal
message (pm) if they want to know the price. He then identified which products have greater sales.
Independent Variable: ______________________________________________________
Dependent Variable: ________________________________________________________
Extraneous Variable: _________________________________________________________
 Classify Variables
Identify the following variable as either qualitative or quantitative. Then
classify which specific category they belong.

Quantitative, Continuous-
1.Amount of fertilizer given to plants-
Ratio
2.Weight of Pechay harvested in grams- Quantitative, Continuous-
Ratio
Qualitative,
3.Tomato plant variety – Nominal

4.Color of alcohol packaging (blue, orange, white, Qualitative,

pink)-
Nominal
Quantitative , Continuous-
5.Speed of car-
Interval
WHAT HAVE YOU
LEARNED?
Evaluation:
A. Identify the Dependent, B. Classify variables as Quantitative or
Independent and Extraneous Qualitative. Then identify which
variable of the following. (15 pts) category they belong. (Discrete,
Continuous, Interval, Ratio, Nominal,
1. A housewife wanted to know which
Dichotomous, Ordinal). 10 pts. each
soil is best for her pechay plants:
the soil purchased from online 1. Educational level of parents(HS
seller, soil from her backyard graduate, College graduate, MS, PhD)
compost, or the soil underneath the 2. Online Seller Satisfaction (1-5 stars)
nearby bamboo tree. She planted
30 pechay seeds into each soil 3. Cellphone Brand
source and then compared the 4. Number of Covid-19 positive cases
growth of the pechay after a month.
5. Type of music
Answer:
1. A housewife wanted to know which 1. Qualitative-Nominal
soil is best for her pechay plants: the 2. Qualitative-Ordinal
soil purchased from online seller, soil
from her backyard compost, or the 3. Qualitative-Nominal
soil underneath the nearby bamboo 4. Quantitative-Discrete
tree. She planted 30 pechay seeds
5. Qualitative-Nominal
into each soil source and then
compared the growth of the pechay
after a month.
Independent Variable: types of soil used
Dependent Variable: growth of pechay
Extraneous Variable: variety of pechay
used, water, sunlight, fertilizer,
environmental stressor, pests
Assignment:

Identify 5 topics to focus on your research. From these

topics construct a research title.
THANK YOU &
GOD BLESS