HT 19-22

Chapter 19 Radiation (I)
Outline
• difference between radiation

and convection
• blackbody spectral emission
• Wien’s displacement law
• finding Stefan-Boltzmann
constant, σ
• coffee drinking
• band emission
• table of emission fractions
Difference between Radiation
and Convection
medium
distance
•
speed
•
math
•
q’’s
•
•
• Regarding the distance,
for example, we can see the
candle light at a distance
of 20m, but we cannot feel
the heat of the flame at a distance of 0.2m.
Blackbody Spectral Emission (I)
•=, (1)
where =3.742e8 and =1.439e4 .
Max Planck (1858 – 1947)
• derived by Planck, based on

quantum mechanics
• Subscript λ stands for “spectral”
• a function of both λ and T

Blackbody Spectral Emission
(II)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TrumpeterSwan.jpg
Wien’s Displacement
• * T = 2898 μ-K
• For example, the temperature

of the sun is 5800K. So,
= 2898/5800
= 0.4997𝜇 (green)
• Perhaps that is why trees
leaves are green?
How to Find Stefan-Boltzmann
𝜎
Constant
• The area underneath a certain
curve of Eλ, b can be found
by analytically or numerically
integrating the blackbody
spectral emission equation.
• Note that, at λ = 0, we need

to let λ = small number to
avoid numerical ∞.
• See the Matlab code in the appendix.

Coffee Drinking
• We are about to pour
cold cream into hot coffee.
• Suddenly, the phone rings.
• Should we pour the cream

first, then answer the phone,
or answer the phone first, and
then pour the cream?
10-Minute Classroom
Interactive Question
• Find T_coffee at the first
time step by using the
explicit method.
• Data include: ∆t=20s;
h=4W/-K;
A=7e-3 ; m=0.2 kg;
=4180J/kg-K; T∞=298K;
T_init=348K; assume that
the coffee is a blackbody.
Answer:
clc; clear
% dT/dt = conv-radiation
dt=20; h=4; A=7e-3; m=0.2;
cv=4180; sig=5.67e-8;
Tinf=298; Tp=348;
Conv=(A*h/(m*cv))*(Tinf-Tp);
Rad=(A*sig/(m*cv))*(Tp^4-Tinf^4);
% using the simple explicit method
S1=Conv-Rad;
T=dt*S1+Tp %=347.9K
Fraction of Blackbody Spectral
Emission
• We integrate the blackbody
spectral emission from
λ1 to λ2.
• When λ1=0 and λ2=∞,

the integral is equal to
σ.
• must be integrated numerically

Table 19-1 Fractions of
Blackbody Emission
λT F(0-λT)
0 0
2000 0.0666
4000 0.4805
8000 0.8558
∞ 1.0000
Chapter 20 Radiation (II)
Outline
• total emissivity
• absorptivity, reflectivity,
and transmissivity
• facts associated with Sun
• gray surfaces
• Kirchhoff law
• greenhouse effect
• energy balance over a plate
Total Emissivity
or ) =
• ,
Also,
=.
Hence, .
• The last equation can be used to find

.
Absorptivity (𝛼), Reflectivity
(𝜌), and Transmissivity (𝜏)
or ) =
,
“a” stands for “absorbed”.

Also, 𝛼
=.
Hence, .
𝛜 : a function of Ts, but
𝛼, and 𝜏 : functions of
T_source.
• If the incoming radiation, G,
is not from a blackbody source,
finding 𝛼, and 𝜏 becomes
a tedious procedure.
Data Associated with Sun
• T = 5800K at 0.428 miles

away from the center of Sun
• Distance between Sun and Earth
= 93e6 miles
• solar constant = 1360 W/
• 0.0021% of the Sun energy is
received by Earth.
• total energy emitted by Sun
= 3.78e26 W
Data Associated with Sun
Gray Surfaces
• All radiative properties are
independent of λ
• incoming radiation =
absorbed + reflected + transmitted
• α + ρ + τ = 1.
• Only 2 of the 3 need to be

given.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TrumpeterSwan.jpg
Kirchhoff’s Law
• ελ = αλ , always Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-
1887)
• But ε may not be

equal to α.
• When (a) the surface is gray

or (b) the temperatures of
the plate and the source are
the same, then ε = α.
10-Minute Classroom
• A plate at Ts = 1000K is
exposed to a heat source
at T_source = 2000K.
• Spectral emissivity is
given as shown.
• Find ε and α.
Answer:
clc; clear
% F(0-4000)=0.4805; F(0-6000)=0.7373;
% F is the black-body emission fraction,
given in Table 19-1.
emi = 0.9*0.4805+0.3*(0.7373-0.4805)
% = 0.5095
% F(0-8000)=0.8558;
% F(0-12000)=0.9446
aLf = 0.9* 0.8558 + 0.3*0.0888
% = 0.7969
% So, 0.5095 ≠ 0.7969

Greenhouse Effect (or Global
Warming)
• τ (Tsun) = 0.6*F(0-2.7*5800)
= 0.5826.
• Assume T=300K on earth

surface
• τ (Tearth) = 0.6*F(0-2.7*300)
≈ 0.
Energy Balance over a Plate
• Remember G – ρG – τG = αG.
• m cv dT/dt = h A (T∞ – T) + A αG – Aε
σ
An Interesting Case
• If Ts is a function of t, and the surface
is non-
gray, then the problem becomes
complicated.
• Because dT/dt = …. – ε σ + …. ,
where ε is a function of T.
• Suggestion: find an analytical

expression for ε = f(T) a priori.
Chapter 21 Radiation (III)
Outline
• View Factors
• Blackbody Triangular
Enclosures
• Radiosity
• Gray Triangular Enclosures
• Radiation Shields
What is the
difference between
“peep” and “peek”?
View Factors
• = R12/R1, where
R1 = radiation leaving from
plate 1
R12 = radiation leaving from
plate 1 and arriving at
plate 2.
• 0< < 1.
• For example, if R1=1000 W,
and R12=500W, then =0.5.
Reciprocity Rule
• Reciprocity Rule
•A1 = A2
Energy Conservation Rule
• + =1
Blackbody Triangular
• ’’ = σ– 𝜎 Enclosures
or
• ’’ = σ– 𝜎.
• 3 energy conservation equations and

6 unknowns , ’’, ’’, and ’’ .
• 3 quantities should be given.

10-Minute Classroom
• Given: a blackbody triangular
enclosure, A1=1; A2=0.8;
A3=0.5043;
T1=1000K; = 50,000W;
surface 3 is insulated;
• Find: T2 and T3
Answer:
clc; clear
sig=5.67e-8; A1=1; A2 =.8; A3=0.5043;
F12 = (A1 + A2 - A3)/(2*A1); F13 = 1-F12;
F21 = A1*F12/A2; F23 = 1-F21;
F31 = A1*F13/A3; F32 = 1-F31;
T1 = 1000; q2s= 5e4; q3s = 0;
a(1,1)=1; a(1,2)=-F23;
b(1)=q2s/(A2*sig) + F21*T1^4;
a(2,1)=-F32; a(2,2)=1;
b(2)=q3s/(A3*sig) + F31*T1^4;
qq =a\b';
T2=qq(1)^.25 % = 1213.6K
T3=qq(2)^.25 % = 1078.5K
% check Global Energy Balance (walk extra miles)
q1s= A1*sig*T1^4-A2*F21*sig*T2^4-
A3*F31*sig*T3^4
Definition of Radiosity for Gray
Surfaces
• Radiosity = all the radiation
leaving the surface
• It includes emission and the

reflected portion of the
incoming radiation, i. e.,
J1 = (1-.
Relationship between J and
q’’s
• q1 = out – in = (J1 – G1).
• Eliminating G1 leads to
=
• When =1, what happens?
Gray Triangular Enclosures
• relationship between q’’1 and J1

•
• There are 6 equations

for 3 surfaces
• There are 9 unknowns:
T1, T2, T3, , , ,
J1, J2, and J3.
• Three quantities should be given.
• But , , and cannot be all given.
Radiation Shields
• governing equation for
the shield (zero q_supply)
is:
0=
• Note that is not necessarily

equal to
Chapter 22 Combined Conduction
and Radiation
Outline
• Lumped Capacitance Systems

Subject to Radiation Loss
• Entropy of the Universe
• 1-D Transient Systems Subject
to Radiation Loss
• Heating of a Balloon
• Radiatively Participating Gases
In Real Life, Vacuum Rarely
Exists
• Radiation usually takes place along
with
conduction and convection.
• These problems are realistic,
thus should be considered.
• final chapter of the book

Lumped-Capacitance
Systems Subject to Radiation
Loss
• Assume the
plate to be a
lumped-
capacitance
system.
Governing Equation
• m cv dT/dt = hA(T∞ - T) – ε A σ ,
• We may be interested in finding the

entropy:
S_universe = S_sys + S_air + S_cloud
where
S_sys = S_ref +
mcv ln(T/T_ref).
• Air and Cloud are two

reservoirs.
1-D Transient Conduction
Subject to Radiation Loss
• Re-visit the problem of
ice-layer forming on
the car windows,
described in Lesson 2.
• Take 3 nodes now.

Temperature at Node 3
Reached the
steady state
280
at
275
approximate
270
ly t = 4
Tglass
265
hours
260
255
0 2 4 6 8 10
time
Heating of a Balloon
• Characteristic
of
the problem:
The energy
balance
equation should
include a work
term due to
volume changes.
Governing Equation
m cv ∆T = Q_in – p ∆V
where
Q_in = [hA(T∞ - T) – ε A σ ] ∆t.
or
m cp ∆T = Q_in.
Temperature of the Balloon
If the
360
emissivity of
350
the balloon is
340
large, it is T in K
330
possible for the

320
balloon
310
temperature
300
to decrease.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
time
Thus, the
10-Minute Classroom
At what value of ε will the balloon
remain at the same size? Relevant, but
possibly
redundant, data include:
h = 2 W/m2-K; T_init = 300K;

T∞ = 400K; R = 0.287 J/kg-K;
cv = 2.5*R; cp = 3.5*R; r=0.2m;
p=101 kP;
Answer:
• Energy balance dictates:
0 = hA(400-300) – Aεσ(300.
clc; clear
h=2; sig=5.67e-8;
T=300; Tinf=400;
e1=h*(Tinf-T)/(sig*T^4)
%=0.4355
% simpler than expected
Radiatively Participating Gases
• The problem becomes
very
complicated (beyond the
scope)
• qrad will be a triple

integral
function of distance, solid
angle, and wavelength.
• By contrast,
The End of the Course
Have a bright journey ahead !

HT 19-22

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Chapter 19 Radiation (I)

• difference between radiation

• derived by Planck, based on

• Subscript λ stands for “spectral”

• a function of both λ and T

• For example, the temperature

• Note that, at λ = 0, we need

• See the Matlab code in the appendix.

• Suddenly, the phone rings.

• Should we pour the cream

• When λ1=0 and λ2=∞,

• must be integrated numerically

• The last equation can be used to find

“a” stands for “absorbed”.

• T = 5800K at 0.428 miles

• Only 2 of the 3 need to be

• But ε may not be

• When (a) the surface is gray

% So, 0.5095 ≠ 0.7969

• Assume T=300K on earth

• Suggestion: find an analytical

• 3 energy conservation equations and

• 3 quantities should be given.

• It includes emission and the

• relationship between q’’1 and J1

• There are 6 equations

• Note that is not necessarily

• Lumped Capacitance Systems

• final chapter of the book

• We may be interested in finding the

• Air and Cloud are two

• Take 3 nodes now.

possible for the

h = 2 W/m2-K; T_init = 300K;

• qrad will be a triple

Have a bright journey ahead !

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