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Control Lecture 2

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Musharaf Habib
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8 views

Control Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Musharaf Habib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION

• A complex control system consists of several blocks. Each of


them has its own transfer function. But overall transfer function
of the system is the ratio of transfer function of final output to
transfer function of initial input of the system. This overall
transfer function of the system can be obtained by simplifying
the control system by combining this individual blocks, one by
The
one. technique of combining of these blocks is referred
to as block diagram reduction technique. For
successful implementation of this technique, some rules
for block diagram reduction to be followed.
BASIC CLOSED LOOP TRANSFER
FUNCTION
• Consider a simple closed loop system,
• R(s) = Laplace of input signal
• C(s) = Laplace of output signal
• E(s) = Laplace of error signal
• B(s) = Laplace of feedback signal
• G(s) = forward transfer function
• H(s) = feedback transfer function
for open loop transfer function, as no feedback
present, transfer function can be given by:

Open loop transfer function = G(s).H(s)


BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION RULES

• Rule 1: Blocks In Series

Any finite specific number of blocks arranged in series can be


combined together by multiplication as shown below:
The above blocks shown can be combined together and
replaced with single block as
Output C(s) = G1 x G2 x R(s)
RULE 2: BLOCKS IN PARALLEL

• When the blocks are connected in parallel combination, they get added
algebraically (considering the sign of the signal)
• The above blocks can be replaced with single block as
• C(s) = R(s)G1 + R(s)G2 – R(s)G3 C(s) = R(s) (G1 + G2 –
G3)
RULE 3: ELIMINATION OF FEEDBACK
LOOP

• We can use Closed loop transfer function to eliminate the


feedback loop present.
RULE 4: ASSOCIATIVE LAW FOR
SUMMING POINT
• This can be better explained by taking below diagram

Y= R(s) – B1
C(s) = y – B2 = R(s) – B1 – B2
This law is applicable only to summing points which are connected directly to
each other.
RULE 5: SHIFTING OF A SUMMING POINT
BEFORE A BLOCK
• When we shift summing point before a block, we need to do transformation
in order to achieve the same result. Please refer the diagram
C(s) = GR(s) + X After shifting the summing point, we will get
C(s) = [R +(X/G) ] G = GR + X which is same as output in the first case.
• Hence to shift a summing point before a block, we need o add another block
of transfer function ‘1/G’ before the summing point as shown in figure.
RULE 6: SHIFTING OF THE SUMMING
POINT AFTER A BLOCK
• When we generally shift summing point after any block, we required to do the
transformation to attain the same (required) result. Please refer the below
diagram .
• C(s) = (R + X)G After shifting the summing point, we will get
• C(s) = (R +X) G = GR + XG which is same as output in the first case.
• Hence to shift a summing point before a block, we need to add another block
having same transfer function at the summing point as shown in fig
RULE 7: SHIFTING OF TAKE-OFF POINT
AFTER A BLOCK
• Here we want to shift the take – off point after a block, as shown in diagram
• Here we have X = R and C = RG (initially)
• In order to achieve this we need to add a block of transfer function ‘1/G’ in
series with signal taking off from that point.
RULE 8 : SHIFTING OF TAKE-OFF POINT
BEFORE A BLOCK

• Here we want to shift the take – off point before a block, as


shown in diagram
• Here we have X = R and C = RG (initially)
• In order to achieve this we need to add a block of transfer
function ‘G’ in series with X signal taking off from that point.
RULE 9 : SHIFTING A TAKE-OFF POINT
AFTER A SUMMING POINT
• can be transformed to (refer both the diagrams)
• Before shifting take-off point, initially we have:
• C(s)=R±Y
• and Z = R ± Y (initially)
• Hence if we want to shift a take off point after a summing point, one more
summing point needs to be added in series with take-off point.
RULE 10: SHIFTING A TAKE-OFF POINT
BEFORE A SUMMING POINT
• Suppose if we want to shift take off point before a summing point, then initially
we have
• C(s)=R±Y
• and Z = R ± Y (initially)
• this can be transformed to (refer both the diagrams)
• In order to satisfy this condition, we need to add a summing point in series
with the take-off point.
EXAMPLE:-
YO U
A N K
TH

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