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    Introduction To Microbiology

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    tushar thakur

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Introduction To Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    tushar thakur
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    9765463

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    9 views27 pages

    Introduction To Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    tushar thakur

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Introduction to

    Microbiology
    Medical microbiology is the study of
    the causative agents of infectious
    diseases of humans and the reaction to
    such infections. In other words it deals
    with etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory
    diagnosis, specific treatment and
    control of infection (immunization).
    Medical microbiology includes:
    Bacteriology – The science that study
    bacteria, the causative agents of a number
    of infectious diseases.
    Virology – The science that study viruses,
    non-cellular living systems, capable of
    causing infectious diseases in human
    being.
    Immunology – The science which
    concerned with mechanisms of body
    protection against pathogenic
    microorganisms and foreign cells and
    substances.
    Mycology – The science that deals with
    the study of fungi .
    Protozoology – It deals with pathogenic
    Classification of Microorganisms:-
    Classification by structure

    Subcellular – DNA or RNA surrounded by a


    protein coat – viruses

    Prokaryotic – simple cell structure with no


    nucleus or organelles – bacteria

    Eukaryotic – complex cell structure with


    nucleus and specialized organelles –
    protozoans, fungi, parasites
    Naming of Microorganisms:-
    Standardized naming
    Genus
     Category of biologic classification
     Example – Staphylococcus

    Species of organism
     Represents a distinct type of microorganisms
     Examples – Staphylococcus aureus and
    Staphylococcus epidermidis

     The genus name is written with a capital


    letter, and the species name – with a small
    letter.
    How Microorganisms Cause Disease
    Microorganisms cause disease in a variety of
    ways
    1- By using nutrients needed by cells and tissues
    2- By damaging cells directly
    3- By producing toxins

    These microorganisms may remain localized or


    become systemic

    Transmission
    Direct contact
    Indirect contact
    Localized Generalized
    symptoms symptoms
    Swelling Fever
    Tiredness
    Pain
    Aches
    Warmth
    Weakness
    Redness
    Normal flora
    Provides a barrier
    Can cause an infection
    when the immunity
    decrease .
    1- Viruses
    They are the smallest
    known infectious
    agents
    They are subcellular
    microorganisms that :
    Have only nucleic acid
    surrounded by a
    protein coat Hepatitis virus
    Must live and grow in
    living cells of other
    organisms
    Illnesses caused by viruses

    Colds Mumps
    Influenza Rubella
    Hepatitis Measles
    Warts Herpes
    AIDS

    Vaccines are available for many


    viruses
    2-Bacteria
    Single-celled prokaryotic organisms that
    reproduce rapidly .

    Classification
    Bacteria can be classified according to:-
    1- Shape
    2- Ability to retain dyes
    3- Ability to grow
    with / without air
    4- Biochemical reactions
    Bacillus bacterial
    classification
    Classification and Identification
    1- Shape
    Coccus – spherical, rounded, or ovoid

    Bacillus – rod-shaped

    Spirillum – spiral-shaped

    Virbrio – comma-shaped
    Spherical
    (cocci) bacteria
    1.Micrococci
    2. Diplococci
    3.
    Streptococci
    4.
    Staphylococc
    i
    Representatives of pathogenic cocci

    1 2

    1.Scanning Electron Micrograph of Streptococcus


    pneumoniae
    2.Scanning electron micrograph of a Staphylococcus
    aureus
    Electron Micrograph of
    Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    Classification and Identification (cont.)
    2-Ability to retain certain dyes
    Gram’s stain
    Acid-fast stain

    3- Ability to grow in presence or absence of


    air
    Aerobes – grow best in the presence of oxygen
    Anaerobes – grow best in the absence of oxygen

    4- Biochemical reactions


    Special groups Chlamydiae
    Mycobacteria – Cell wall
    bacilli with a cell structure differs
    wall that differs from other
    from most bacteria bacteria
    Rickettsiae Live and grow

    Very small within other


    Live and grow
    living cells
    within other living Mycoplasmas –
    organisms such
    completely lack
    as mites and ticks
    the rigid cell wall
    The size of bacteria
    The size of bacteria is measured in micrometer
    (m) or micron () (1 micron or micrometer is
    one thousandth of a millimeter) and varies from
    0.1  to 16-18 . Most pathogenic bacteria
    measure from 0.1 to 10 .

    The other units of measurement of


    microorganisms is nanometer (nm) (one
    millionth of a millimeter) .
    BACTERIAL CELL
    FLAGELLA

    Electron Micrograph of Bacteria with


    Flagella
    SPORE

    Bacillus anthracis Bacillus megaterium


    Cell wall
    In addition to conferring rigidity upon
    bacteria, the cell wall protects against
    osmotic damage
    Chemically, the rigid part of the cell wall is
    peptidoglycan
    Cell wall first described by Gram in 1884. It
    is used to study morphologic appearance of
    bacteria. Gram's stain differentiates all
    bacteria into two distinct groups:
    a. Gram-positive organisms
    b. Gram-negative organisms
    Gram
    Staining
    Technique
    3- Protozoans
    Single-celled eukaryotic organisms, larger
    than bacteria, they are found in soil and
    water and they are a leading cause of death
    in developing countries

    Illnesses caused by protozoans are

    Malaria
    Amebic dysentery Protozoan
    Trichomoniasis vaginitis Trichomonas
    vaginalis
    4- Fungi
    Eukaryotic
    organisms with rigid Yeast: a
    cell wall single-celled
    Yeasts fungi
    Superficial
    Single-celled
    infections
    Reproduce by
    Athlete’s foot
    budding Ringworm
    Molds
    Thrush
    Large, fuzzy,
    multicelled Can cause systemic
    organisms
    Produce spores
    infections
    Multicellular Parasites
    Organisms that live on or in another
    organism and use it for nourishment

    Parasitic worms Parasitic insects


    Usually due to poor Bite or burrow
    sanitation under the skin
    Roundworms Mosquitoes
    Flatworms Ticks
    Tapeworms Lice
    mites
    Apply Your Knowledge
    Matching:ANSWER:
    ___
    D Yeast or mold A. Virus
    ___
    E Tapeworm / lice
    ___
    Very
    B. Bacteria

    B Classified by shape C. Protozoan


    ___
    A Subcellular organism Good
    D. Fungus
    ___ May be aerobic or anaerobic E. Multicellular
    B
    parasite
    A
    !
    ___ Smallest known organism
    C
    ___ Found in soil and water

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