6 - Periodic Trends

Periodic Trends
OUTCOME:
AS3 - PERIODIC TRENDS

• Identify factors and account for periodic trends
among the properties of elements, and relate to
electron configurations.
Include: atomic / ionic radii, ionization energy, and
electronegativity.
• Construct Lewis dot diagrams for various compounds and
use VSEPR to predict bond shape from the electron
arrangement.
Vocabulary & Concepts
Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund Rule Aufbau
Principle
*Atomic properties are controlled by valence electrons *
Valence electrons are affected by these 3 factors:

1. Nuclear charge - more protons, increased
attractive force on valence electrons.
2. Distance – the further away from the nucleus,

the less attractive force. This is based on
Coulomb's Law
Notice less force on the outer electron
3. Shielding Effect - inner electrons shield and
decrease the attractive force for outer electrons.
1. Atomic Radius
Decreases Across
• same quantum (n) level (same distance)
• increase proton number (more attraction)
Increases Down
• new quantum level
(more distance)
• more shielding
(less attraction)
FACT: Nuclear charge has the biggest impact moving

across, but distance has the biggest impact moving down
Na: Cl:
11 p+ 17 p+
11 e- 17 e-
The increased nuclear charge attracting the same quantum
level (n=3) pulls valence electrons inward
2. Ionic Radius
• Ion size differs from atom size
CationsNote:
(lostcations and anions have different factors
electrons) – smaller radii
• increased nuclear attraction (same protons, less electrons)
• possible lost quantum (n) level (less distance)
Anions (gained electrons) – larger radii
• decreased attraction (same protons, more electrons)
• repulsion of extra electrons causes expansion
Na+ Cl-
Cations – smaller radii Anions – larger radii

- increased nuclear attraction - decreased nuclear attraction
- possible lost quantum (n) level - repulsion of extra electrons causes expansion
Notice: it is the same basic trend as atomic radius:
Size decreases across…size increases down
Gets larger at the jump to Anions….then decreases again

3. Ionization Energy
• Energy required to remove an electron from an
atom forming an ion
• Removing next electron takes more energy (IE2)
Atom + energy1 → Ion+ + e1−
Ion+ + energy2 → Ion+2 + e2−
The amount of energy required depends on the force on the

electron – distance, shielding, nuclear charge
Increases Across
• increase proton number (more
attraction)
• same quantum (n) level (same distance)
Decreases Down
• new quantum level
(more distance)
• more shielding
(less attraction)
Think about how/why charge, distance and shielding would

affect energy needed to remove an electron
Na+ Cl
Comparing in a Period:
Na: nuclear charge is too weak to hold its valence electron – lower IE
Cl: nuclear charge is great enough to hold its valence electrons – higher IE
Comparing in a Column:
Na: distance is small enough to hold its valence electron – higher IE
Cs: distance is too great to hold tight to its valence electrons – lower IE
Na
Cs
1 valence e-
3 valence e-
6 valence e-
Notice: significantly larger energy needed after the valence

“Subsequent electrons takes more ionization energy”
shell is emptied
The largest jumps in IE requirements occur when

valence electrons are exhausted and electrons are
then removed from closer quantum levels.
4. Electronegativity
• Value (from 0 – 4.0) representing attraction an
atom has for bonding electrons
bigger the number, “greedier” they are for electrons
Increases Across
• increase charge
Increases attractive force
Decreases Down
• increase distance
Decreases attractive force
WEAKER nuclear charge STRONGER nuclear charge
Na: Cl:
Lower ionization energy HIGHER ionization energy (yours)
Lower Electronegativity HIGHER Electronegativity (others)
Stronger: able to attract your own…and grab after others

Bond type is less
concrete than just
ionic, polar and non-
polar. It is a
spectrum…
These numbers vary slightly depending on the source…
EN Difference Bond Type Percent Ionic

less than 0.4 non-polar covalent 0% − 5%
0.4 − 1.9 polar covalent 5% − 60%
greater than 1.9 ionic > 60%
2.1 2.5
Cl H
H C
2.1
non-polar covalent polar covalent

3.0
LargeGreater
enough theEN
EN difference
difference- more polar the
– create bonds
ionic bonds
+ -
0.9
3.0
Instead of trying to memorize this, understand how the 3
factors relate so you can figure all of this out
CAN YOU / HAVE YOU?
AS3 - PERIODIC TRENDS

• Identify factors and account for periodic trends
among the properties of elements, and relate to
electron configurations.
Include: atomic / ionic radii, ionization energy, and
electronegativity.
• Construct Lewis dot diagrams for various compounds and
use VSEPR to predict bond shape from the electron
arrangement.
Vocabulary & Concepts
Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund Rule Aufbau
Principle

6 - Periodic Trends

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Periodic Trends

AS3 - PERIODIC TRENDS

Valence electrons are affected by these 3 factors:

2. Distance – the further away from the nucleus,

FACT: Nuclear charge has the biggest impact moving

Cations – smaller radii Anions – larger radii

Gets larger at the jump to Anions….then decreases again

Atom + energy1 → Ion+ + e1−

Ion+ + energy2 → Ion+2 + e2−

The amount of energy required depends on the force on the

Think about how/why charge, distance and shielding would

Notice: significantly larger energy needed after the valence

The largest jumps in IE requirements occur when

Stronger: able to attract your own…and grab after others

These numbers vary slightly depending on the source…

EN Difference Bond Type Percent Ionic

non-polar covalent polar covalent

AS3 - PERIODIC TRENDS

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