FIRE PREVENTION &

PROTECTION
 WHY IS THIS TRAINING
IMPORTANT ?
• Fire is the THIRD leading cause of accidental
deaths.
• Workplace fires and explosions kill 200 and
injure more than 5,000 workers each year.
• In 1995, more than 75,000 workplace fires
cost business more than $2.3 billion

Source: OSHA
COST OF ACCIDENT

• Injury
• Disability
• Loss of pay
• Loss of property
• Loss of job
• Loss of life
 COST OF ACCIDENT

• Business Interruption
• Reputation
• Time loss
• Property damage
• Treatment
• Govt Fines
 Course lesson plan

• Basics of fire
• Fire Triangle
• Fire Extinguishment
• Fire Prevention &
Protection
• Do’s and don’ts in
Evacuation
WHAT IS FIRE?

Fire is a chemical reaction between the

THREE elements.

OXYGEN + HEAT + FUEL = FIRE

o Each substance has a specific ignition

temperature. The substance will start combustion/
burning only when it attains its ignition
temperature.

o The ignition temperature of a substance is the

least temperature at which the substance
starts combustion.
THE FIRE TRIANGLE

OX
AT

YG
HE

EN
FUEL
THE FIRE TRIANGLE

 The Fire Triangle - as shown in

the illustration, oxygen and fuel
in proper proportion can be
ignited by heat to create a fire

 if any one of the three elements

is removed a fire cannot exist.
 SOURCE OF ELEMENTS
Sun
Open flame, Welding

He
Normal air contains

en
Cutting, Grinding
21% O2

at
yg
Chemical
Fire need approx. Electricity

Ox
16% only Mechanical friction
Hot surface

Fuel
SOLID LIQUID GAS
Wood Diesel Natural gas
Paper Petrol Acetylene
Propane
Plastic Kerosene
Butane
Cloth Thinner Hydrogen
Leather Oil
THREE METHODS OF EXTINCTION

Smothering
Smothering Cooling
Cooling

He
y ge

at
Ox

Fuel
Starvation
Starvation
METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENTS

• REMOVE HEAT - cooling a fire calls for the

application of something absorbs heat.
Although there are others, water is the most
common agent.
• REMOVE FUEL - often removing the fuel from
a fire is difficult & dangerous. Shutting or
closing off the valves.
• REMOVE OXYGEN - oxygen can be removed
from a fire by displacing it with a heavier than
air gas like CO2 . O2 flowing into the fire can
be also be stopped by covering the fire with a
wet blanket or cover the burning surfaces with
foam or sand.
CLASSIFICATIO
N OF
FIRE
 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES

 Class A – Ordinary combustibles

 Class B – Flammable or combustible liquids
 Class C – Energized electrical equipment & Gases
Fire
 Class D – Certain combustible metals
 Class K – Kitchen fires
4 CLASSES OF FIRE

• Class A - fires involving ordinary

combustible materials, such as wood,
cloth, paper, plastic, rubber, etc

•wood
•cloth
•paper
•rubber
•many plastics
4 CLASSES OF FIRE

• Class B - fires involving flammable or

petroleum products such as gasoline, oil,
paints, thinners, solvent, lubricating
oils/greases , the crude oil itself & LPG
• gasoline
• oil
• grease
• tar
• oil-based paint
• lacquer
• flammable
gases
4 CLASSES OF FIRE

Class C - fires involving electrical equipment

• energize
d
electrica
l
equipme
nt
 4 CLASSES OF FIRE

• Class D - fires involving combustible

metals such as magnesium , titanium,
zirconium, sodium & potassium
• magnesium
• sodium
•
D
D •
potassium
titanium
• zirconium
• other flammable
metals
CLASS K FIRES

• Recently recognized by NFPA 10.

• Fires involving combustible vegetable
or animal non-saturated cooking fats
in commercial cooking equipment.

• Cooking Media
FIRE EXTINGUSHER ANATOMY

DISCHARGE LEVER PRESSURE GAUGE

(not found on CO2
extinguishers)
DISCHARGE LOCKING
PIN AND SEAL
CARRYING
DISCHARGE HANDLE
HOSE

DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE BODY
NOZZLE

DISCHARGE
ORIFICE
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUSHER
A Trash Wood Paper

PRESSURIZED WATER
• Class “A” fires only.
• 9 ltr. water at 150-175 psi (up to
1 minute discharge time).
B Liquids Grease
• Has pressure gauge to allow
visual capacity check.
• 30-40 ft. maximum effective
range.
C Electrical Equipment
• Can be started and stopped as
necessary.
• Extinguishes by cooling burning
material below the ignition point.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUSHER
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
A Trash Wood Paper

• Class “B” or “C” fires.

• 2.5-50 ltr. of CO2 gas at 150-200
psi (8-30 seconds discharge
time).
B Liquids Grease
• Has NO pressure gauge--
capacity verified by weight.
• 3-8 ft. maximum effective range.
• Extinguishes by smothering
C Electrical Equipment burning materials.
• Effectiveness decreases as
temperature of burning material
increases.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUSHER
A Trash Wood Paper
MULTIPURPOSE DRY CHEMICAL
• Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires.
• 9-50 kg. dry chemical
(ammonium phosphate)
B Liquids Grease
pressurized to 50-200 psi by
nitrogen gas (8-25 seconds
discharge time).
• Has pressure gauge to allow
visual capacity check.
C Electrical Equipment • 5-20 ft. maximum effective
range.
• Extinguishes by smothering
burning materials.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUSHER

COMBUSTIBLE METAL
• Class “D” combustible metal
fires only.
• 2.5-50 kg. pressurized dry
powder optimized for specific
combustible metal (also
available in bulk containers for
hand scooping onto fire to
extinguish).
• 6-8 ft. maximum effective range.
• Extinguishes by smothering
COMBUSTIBLE
burning materials.

D
METALS
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUSHER

WET CHEMICAL
•
A Trash Wood Paper

Class “A”, “C”, and “K” fires.

• 1.5 gal. of stored pressure
PRX wet chemical
C Electrical Equipment
extinguishing agent (40 sec.
discharge time).
• 10-12 ft. maximum effective
K Cooking Media
range.
How to Use Fire Extinguisher

Use the “PASS” system

Pull the pin
This will allow you to discharge the
extinguisher

Aim at the base of the fire

If you aim at the flames (which is
frequently the temptation),
the extinguishing agent will fly right
through and do no good.
You want to hit the fuel.
How to Use Fire Extinguisher

Use the “PASS” system

Squeeze the top handle or
lever
This depresses a button that releases
the pressurized extinguishing agent in
the extinguisher.

Sweep from side to side

Until the fire is completely out. Start
using the extinguisher from a safe
distance away, then move forward.
Once the fire is out, keep an eye on
the area in case it re-ignites.
 WHEN NOT TO FIGHT A FIRE

• Don’t fight the fire if you have adequate means of escape.

• Don’t fight a fire if gas cylinders are involved. Keep your
distance.
• If a fire is too big (cannot be put out by a portable fire
extinguisher) back away. Try to contain fire.
• Remove any combustible material around fire if possible.
• Give the location of incident, type, size of fire to Fire
Warden or Fireman
5 main causes of fire accidents

1) Electrical overloading and

short circuit

2) Smoking

3) Improper storage

4) Arson

5) Kitchen/pantry area fire

 Fire Prevention
• Be mindful of fire safety
• Strictly follow no smoking policy
in building
• Do not overloadelectrical circuits
• Do not leave loose joints and
cables
• Follow strict guidelines for storing
of combustible material
• Follow good housekeeping
practices
• Switch off and unplug all non-
essential appliances when not in
use or before leaving office
 HOW TO PREVENT FIRES

• Class A – Ordinary combustibles

– Keep storage and working areas free
of rubbish

Also known as GOOD HOUSE KEEPING

at working site
 HOW TO PREVENT FIRES
• Class B – Flammable liquids or gases
• Don’t refuel gasoline powered equipment in a
confined space, especially in the presence of an open
flame such as a furnace or water heater

• Don’t refuel gasoline powered equipment while it’s

hot

• Keep flammable liquids stored in tightly closed, self-

closing, spill-proof containers. Pour from storage
drums only what you’ll need

• Store flammable liquids away from spark-producing

sources

• Use flammable liquids only in well-ventilated areas

 HOW TO PREVENT FIRES
Class C – Electrical equipment
• Look for old wiring, worn insulation and broken electrical fittings.
Report any hazardous condition to your supervisor
• Prevent motors from overheating by keeping them clean and in good
working order. A spark from a rough running motor can ignite the oil
and dust in it
• Utility lights (Halogen Lights on a construction site) should always have
some type of wire guard over them. Heat from an uncovered light bulb
can easily ignite ordinary combustibles.
• Don’t misuse fuses. Never install a fuse rated higher than specified for
the circuit.
• Investigate any appliance or electrical equipment that smells strange.
Unusual odours can be the first sign of fire.
• Don’t overload wall outlets. Two outlets should have no more than
two plugs.
 Action in the Event of Fire
• Raise the Alarm by operating the fire alarm system

• Call Fire Brigade follow company

procedure

• Fight the Fire if safe to do so by using

an appropriate fire extinguisher.

• Evacuate building using the nearest

available exit

• Proceed & to the designated assembly

point
• Do not re-enter until told it is safe to do
so
 WHEN NOT TO FIGHT A FIRE
• Never fight a fire:
– If the fire is spreading beyond the spot where it
started
– If you don’t have adequate fire-fighting equipment
In any of these situations,
DON’T FIGHT THE FIRE YOURSELF. CALL FOR HELP!
 Fire Protection

• Installation of fire detection and

fire fighting system in every
area
• Integration of local fire panel
with the master fire panel of
the building
• Regular fire safety audit
• Fire safety training with practices
by mock drill
 Fire fighting equipments
1)Extinguishe
r
2)Hose-reel-
pipe
3)Fire bucket
with water
and sand
4)Fire Ball
5)Wet Riser
 Fire fighting equipments
(continued……)
6)Fire
tenders

7)Fire
hydrant
system

8)Monitor
Fire fighting equipment's (continued)
•Hand control branch

•VESDA system

• FM-200 system
 Fire Safety PPE’s
• Proximit
y suit
• Fire suit
• Fire
gloves
• Gum
boot
(Heat
Resistan
t)
• Fire
Evacuation
 Phases of Evacuation
Phase I - Early
Warning

Phase II - Evacuation

Phase III - Search &

Rescue

Phase IV -

Assembly Phase

Phase V - Headcount

Phase

Phase VI -

Evaluation Phase
 Key points to remember during
evacuation

• Do not Panic
• Follow the exit sign
s
• Move towards unobstructed exit door

• Obey the instructions of your Zone ERT

members

• Hold the railing

• Carry handicapped/injured person
 Key points to remember
(continued……)
• Move in one Queue

• Leave space on one side

of staircase for
handicapped/victim/fire
fighters

• Reach directly at
assembly point

• Assemble at safe
assembly area in queue
 Emergency Response Teams
(ERT)
Emergency
Response Teams
(ERT) are:
I. Incident Controller
II. Early Warning
Team III.
Evacuation Team
IV. Search &
Rescue Team
V. Fire Fighting
Team
VI. First Aid
Team VII.
 Responsibilities of ERT
1) ERT should immediately
get activated after
hearing warning.
2) Immediately determine location
of fire.
3) Carry out evacuation with
the help of designated
people.
4) Direct evacuees to the nearest
unobstructed fire exits.
 continued……..
5) Assist disabled persons out of
the building.
6) Do not use the elevators.
7) Assemble at designated
assembly point.
8) Report to emergency controller
at the assembly point .
9) Stay clear of building.
10)Do not re-enter the building
until advised.
 Assembly area discipline
• Facilitate head count
• Avoid gossips
• Stand in Queue
• Give attention to speaker
and ERT leader/controller
• Inform about missing
colleagues
• Arrange attendance
register
• Do head count quickly
• Stay there till the ALL clear
advise
 Search Methodology
• Bottom-up/top-down
for a multi-story
building

• Right wall/left wall

for a single floor

• Stop frequently to
listen
Precautions during rescue
• Put on all safety gears
• Always work in pairs
• Bring along a torch
• Attach a life line to the rescuer
• Take extra care when using edged tools
• Ensure the proper placement of the feet for
the selected techniques
• The correct method of lifting and
gripping must be adhered
Thank You