Management System of

Occupational Health and

Safety Administration (OSHA)
Lecture 2

Dr. Sidra Jabeen

At the end of the lecture,
you will be able to
understand:
 OSHA (Introduction)
 Occupational Safety and Health Act
 OSHA Standards
 Origin of OSHA Standards
 Employer and Employee’s Responsibilities and Rights
 Inspections
 Citations and Penalties
 National Occupational Health and Safety Act of
Pakistan, 2018
 Health and Safety Survey in Industries of Pakistan
 Facts and Figures of Occupational Health and Safety
in Pakistan
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
Although more than 90 million Americans were working, but no uniform and
comprehensive provisions existed for their protection against workplace safety and health
hazards. In 1970, Congress considered annual figures such as these:

• On average, 15 workers die every day from job injuries.

• Over 5,600 Americans die from workplace injuries annually.
• Over 4 million non-fatal workplace injuries and illnesses are reported annually.
OSHA’s The mission of OSHA is to save lives, prevent
injuries and protect the health of workers.
Mission

Some of the things OSHA does to carry out its

mission are:

maintaining a
developing job
reporting and providing training
safety and health
recordkeeping programs to
standards and
system to keep increase knowledge
enforcing them
track of job- about occupational
through worksite
related injuries safety and health.
inspections,
and illnesses
Agenda of Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, 1970

Encourage employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards and to implement new or
improve existing safety and health programs

Provide for research in occupational safety and health to develop innovative ways of dealing with
occupational safety and health problems

Establish training programs to increase the number and competence of occupational safety and
health personnel.

Develop mandatory job safety and health standards.

Provide for the development, analysis, evaluation, and approval of state occupational safety and
health programs.
 OSHA
Standards
OSHA standards generally fall into five
categories:

• General Industry
• Maritime
• Construction
• Agriculture
• Recordkeeping
Origin of • Consensus Standards are developed by
industrywide, standard-developing

OSHA organizations, discussed and substantially

agreed on through consensus by industry.

Standards • OSHA has incorporated standards of the

two primary groups: the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) and
the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA).
• For example, ANSI Standard B56.1-1969,
Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks,
covers the safety requirements relating to
the elements of design, operation, and
maintenance of powered industrial trucks.
Origin of • Proprietary standards are prepared by
professional experts within specific
OSHA industries, professional societies, and
associations. These standards are

Standards determined by membership vote, as

opposed to consensus.
• An example of these would be the
Compressed Gas Association’s
Pamphlet P-1, Safe Handling of
Compressed Gases. This proprietary
standard covers requirements for the
handling, storage, and use of
compressed gas cylinders.
Horizontal and Vertical Standards

Some standards, though, are

Most standards are horizontal or
relevant only to a particular
"general," which means they
industry, and are called vertical,
apply to any employer in any
or "particular" standards.
industry. Standards relating to
Examples are standards
fire protection, working surfaces
applying to the longshoring
and first aid are examples of
industry or the construction
horizontal standards.
industry.
Employer Responsibilities
and Rights
• Examine workplace conditions to make sure they comply
with applicable standards
• Keep record of injuries or illnesses
• Use colour codes, posters, labels, or signs when needed to
warn employees of potential hazards
• Provide training required by OSHA standards
• Provide and pay for PPE
• Provide access of employee’s medical records and exposure
records to everyone at workplace
 You have the right to:
• A safe and healthful workplace

• Know about hazardous chemicals

Employee’s • Information about injuries and illnesses in your
Rights workplace

• Complain or request hazard correction from

employer

• Training

• File a complaint with OSHA

• Participate in an OSHA inspection

Inspections 1. Imminent danger situations are inspected first.
Where there is reasonable certainty that an employee is
exposed to a hazard likely to cause death or immediate
serious physical harm, OSHA will try to respond as
soon as possible. OSHA may become alerted to adverse
conditions by a complaint or other means.

2. Catastrophes and fatal accidents are investigated

after imminent danger situations. If three or more
employees are hospitalized or if an employee is killed,
OSHA must be notified within eight hours.
 3. Employee complaints, alleging violation of standards or
Inspections unsafe or unhealthy working conditions, are investigated
after catastrophes and fatal accidents. The employee has
the right to remain anonymous to his employer.

4. Programmed high-hazard inspections are given the

next priority. These are aimed at specific high-hazard
industries, occupations, or health substances.

5. Follow-up inspections are given last priority. These are

used to determine if previously cited violations have been
corrected
Citations 1. Citations for wilful violations are issued when the
and employer disobeys, with an intentional disregard of, or
plain indifference to, the requirements of the OSHAct
Penalties and regulations. These can be assessed if the employer
was aware that a hazardous condition existed and made
no reasonable effort to eliminate the condition. The
maximum penalty is $12,000.

2. Citations for serious violations are issued when there

is a substantial probability that death or serious physical
harm could result and that the employer knew or should
have known of the hazard. Violations of the general
duty clause are considered serious. The maximum
penalty is now $7,000.
Citations 3. Citations for other than serious violations are issued
and when a situation would affect safety or health but there
is a small probability of the hazard resulting in death or
Penalties serious physical harm. There is often no penalty
assessed, but the hazard must still be corrected. If there
is a high probability of the hazard resulting in an injury
or illness, then the maximum penalty is $1,000.

4. Repeat violation citations are issued when the

original violation has been abated, but upon
reinspection, another violation of the previously cited
section of a standard is noted. They may be inadvertent,
but if they are found to be wilful, both a wilful and a
repeat citation may be issued.
Watch the video!!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6wRRWi6i0c
 NATIONAL
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY
POLICY in PAKISTAN
2018
National • Government of Pakistan firmly believes that without
healthy as well as safe working conditions, social justice
Occupational and economic growth cannot be achieved.
Health and • The increasing use of chemicals, exposure to physical,
chemical and biological hazards; the indiscriminate use
Safety Policy of agro-chemicals including pesticides, agricultural
machineries and equipment; effects of computer-
of Pakistan controlled technologies and alarming influence of stress
at work in many modern jobs pose serious health and
safety risks.
• The fundamental purpose of National OHS Policy, is not
only to eliminate the incidence of work-related injuries,
diseases, fatalities, disaster and loss of national assets but
also to enhance the well-being of the employee and
society, at large.
 Legislation
Action Plan
Compliance

Awareness

Research and Development

OHS Skills Development

Data collection and Review

 1. By making National OHS Act and
setting up National OHS Council.
2. By amending existing OHS laws
Legislation and bring them in line with the
relevant international instruments
3. By developing appropriate rules,
regulations, standards, codes of
practices and guidelines on OHS
for uniformity at the national level
4. By ensuring stakeholders
awareness of and accessibility to
applicable policy
 Compliance
• by providing suitable provisions for
compensation and rehabilitation of
affected persons
• by effectively enforcing the OHS
laws in all economic activities
through an adequate and effective
inspection system
• by ensuring that employers, and
employees have defined
responsibilities and rights with
respect to achieving healthy and
safe working conditions
• by providing adequate penalties for
violation of OHS laws and audit
 Compliance
• by providing specific measures to
prevent catastrophes, and to co-
ordinate and specify the actions to be
taken at different levels, particularly in
the industrial zones with high potential
risks
• by specifically focusing on such
occupational diseases like
pneumoconiosis and silicosis;
developing a framework for its
prevention and control as well as
develop technical standards and
guidelines
 • by raising community awareness
through structured, and audience
specific approach.
Awareness • by continuously evaluating the
impact of such awareness and
information initiatives.
• by suitably incorporating teaching
inputs on OHS in schools, technical,
medical, professional and
vocational courses and distance
education program.
• by securing good liaison
arrangements with the International
organizations.
 • by providing for research in the
field of OHS, including the social
and psychological factors
Research and involved, and by developing
innovative methods, techniques
Development and approaches for dealing with
OHS problems
• by exploring ways to discover
latent diseases, establishing
causal connections between
diseases and work environmental
conditions, updating list of
occupational diseases
 • by providing for training programs to
increase the number and competence
of personnel engaged in the field of
OHS Skills OHS;
• by providing information and advice,
Development in an appropriate manner, to
employers and employees
organizations, with a view to
eliminating hazards or reducing them
as far as practicable;
• by establishing occupational health
services aimed at protection of
employee health and improvement of
working conditions
• by integrating OHS into vocational,
professional and labor related
training programs as also
management training including small
 • by compiling statistics relating to
OHS, prioritizing key issues for
action, conducting national studies or
surveys or projects through
governmental and non-governmental
organizations

Data Collection • by extending data coverage relevant

to work-related injury and disease,

and Review including measures of exposure, and

occupational groups that are
currently excluded, such as self-
employed people
• National OHS Policy and the action
program shall be reviewed at least
once in five years or earlier if felt
necessary to assess relevance of the
national goals and objectives
Health and
Safety Survey
in Industries of
Pakistan (2001)
A survey in 50 medium sized industries was carried out in
2001. Four different types of industries were selected:
Survey Questionnaire

• Basic information about the industry (including name, address, size and process detail).
• - Age/gender distribution of the workers.
• - Pattern of work (working hours, shifts, rest breaks, free days etc).
• - Eating/washing facilities available to the workers.
• - Information about the chemicals (including names, quantities used, labelling, methods of use for each chemical
substance and waste disposal facilities).
• - Occupational Hygiene controls adopted by the industries.
• - Number of workers exposed to different chemicals (through inhalation, skin, and ingestion
• routes).
• - Specific diseases mentioned by the workers or from the dispensary record, if available.
• - Magnitude of fire, explosion and spill hazard.
• - Emergency and other control measures available at the industries.
Safety and Health Hazards and
Control Measures adopted by
the Industries

• Labelling of chemicals
• Handling and storage of chemicals
• Occupational Hygiene Controls
Labelling of Chemicals

• Some industries (shoes and surgical instruments) labelled the chemicals and gave indication of the
contents inside.
• Paints and furniture industries were using containers without proper labelling. Even where a label
was provided, it was in a foreign language like English, German, Chinese, UK or French.
• It is strange that even chemicals made in Pakistan rarely bear markings in Urdu. The lack of
proper labelling can result in accidents.
• In many cases, containers meant for one chemical are used again for other chemicals
• The labels, even if present on the containers lacks the basic safety and health precautions and
emergency procedures
Storage and handling
of chemicals
• In most of the factories visited in the
survey, only enough chemicals were stored
at the premises.
• Some large industries used pumping and
other mechanical means to transfer the
chemicals.
• In some cases, chemical containers were
lifted on shoulders and poured in the
mixing tanks.
 • Industries adopted very few engineering and other occupational
hygiene controls.
• Most factories did not have adequate local exhaust, forced or
natural ventilation.
• None had considered substitution of hazardous processes or
chemicals.
• In the survey proper personal protective equipment (PPE) were
rarely seen being used in most industries. The cost of such
equipment was mentioned as a barrier to their use.
Occupational • Fire fighting facilities in most factories were in state of neglect.
• First aid, emergency treatment of workers, transport in case of
Hygiene emergency, waste disposal and warning signs in most industries
were inadequate
Controls • None of the industries surveyed in the study had regular air
monitoring and biological monitoring facilities to assess the risk
situations.
Control measures adopted by Paint industries
Control measures adopted by Shoe industries
Control measures adopted by Surgical industries
Control measures adopted by Furniture industries
Facts and Figures
of Occupational
Health and Safety
in Pakistan
(2001 – 2011)
Percentage distribution of employed suffered
occupational injuries/diseases by gender and area
Percentage distribution of
employees, 10 years of
age and over, suffered
occupational deceases by
major industry division
Percentage distribution of
employees, 10 years of
age and over, suffered
occupational deceases by
major industry division
Percentage distribution of employees, suffered occupational deceases by
age and region, 2010 – 2011
Percentage distribution of
employees, 10 years of
age and over, suffered
occupational deceases by
type of treatment received
Percentage distribution of
employees, 10 years of
age and over, suffered
occupational deceases by
education level
Percentage distribution of employees, 10 years of age and over, suffered
occupational deceases by major industry division, 2001 – 2011
Percentage distribution
of employees, 10 years
of age and over, suffered
occupational deceases
by unsafe act that caused
the accident / decease
Percentage distribution
of employees, 10 years
of age and over, suffered
occupational deceases
by unsafe act that caused
the accident / decease
Percentage distribution
of employees, 10 years
of age and over, suffered
occupational deceases
by unsafe act that caused
the accident / decease
Occupational death,
diseases and injuries
reported to Punjab
Employees Social
Security Institution
2008 - 2012
Thank you