Plant Systematic And Anatomy

Group 1
Minahil Saleem 1002
Muhammad Anas 1010
Ghazala Jabbar 1011
Tahira Ali 1025
Hamna Hameed 1030
Ayesha Shahbaz 1031

University Of Okara
Inflorescence
Flower
Placentation
And Fruit Types
Inflorescence
And its Types
Inflorescence:
Inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers on the
floral axis.

Depending on the types of plant, flowers

can be single or multiple.

Types of Inflorescence:

 Racemose Inflorescence
 Cymose Inflorescence
1) Racemose Inflorescence
• Flower grow in an acropetal manner
• Indefinite.
• Monopodial branching.
• Youngest flower at the apex or at the centre.
• Oldest flowers at the base or to the outside.

Types of Racemose Inflorescence:

The main types of racemose inflorescence are:
Raceme:
The main elongated axis bears stalked flowers. E.g. mustard, goldmohur etc.
Spike:
This is like raceme but flowers are sessile or unstalked. E.g.
adhatoda.

Corymb:
It is short and bears stalked flowers in sucha manner that they
are placed almost at the same level. E.g. Lantana, cherry etc.
Umbel:
All the flowers arise from one plant.

Round umble , Flat umble

2. Cymose inflorescence:
In this type, the main axis is always
limited in growth and terminates into
a flower
They are usually basipetal.
Definite
Youngest flower near the base or to
the outside.
Structure
Of Flower
STRUCTURE OF FLOWER:
Flower structure refers to the organization and
arrangement of various floral organs in a flower.

Main Floral Organs:

1. Sepals: Green, leaf-like structures

protecting the flower bud.

2. Petals: Colorful, often fragrant structures

attracting pollinators.

3. Stamens: Male reproductive organs

producing pollen.

4. Pistils: Female reproductive organs

containing ovules.
Flower Structure Components:

1. Receptacle: Base of the flower stalk.

2. Peduncle: Stalk supporting the flower.

3. Bracts: Modified leaves resembling petals.

Types of Flower Structures:

2. Complete Flower: Has sepals, petals, stamens,

and pistils.

2. Incomplete Flower: Lacks one or more floral

organs.

3. Perfect Flower: Has both stamens and pistils.

4. Imperfect Flower: Lacks stamens or pistils.

Stamen Structure:

1.Filament: Stalk supporting the anther.

2. Anther: Pollen-producing part.

3. Connective: Tissue connecting anther lobes.

Pistil Structure:
1. Stigma: Pollen-receiving surface.

2. Style: Narrow part connecting stigma and ovary.

3. Ovary: Contains ovules.

4. Locules: Chambers within the ovary.

Ovule Structure:
1. Integuments: Outer layers surrounding the
ovule.

2. Micropyle: Opening for pollen tube entry.

3. Chalaza: Region opposite the micropyle.

4. Nucellus: Central tissue surrounding the

embryo sac.

Flower Symmetry:

2. Radial Symmetry: Symmetrical around a

central axis.

2. Bilateral Symmetry: Symmetrical along one

plane.

3. Asymmetrical: Lacks symmetry.

Flower Modifications:
1. Fusion: Union of adjacent floral organs.

2. Adnation: Union of floral organs with other parts.

3. Reduction: Reduction in number or size of floral organs.

Fruits And
Its Types
Fruit:
Fruits are rich sources of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals
vital for a balance diet. They grow in various regions and climates
around the world and each type has its own unique characteristics,
flavor and health benefits.

Types:
There are few types of fruits:
Citrus fruits
Berries
Stone fruits
Tropical fruits
Citrus fruits:
Citrus fruits are known for their tangy flavor and high
vitamin C content .They are popular for boosting immunity and
providing antioxidants.
Examples: Oranges, lemons, grapefruits etc.
Region of growth:
Florida, Spain and Italy
Importance:
High vitamin C which support immune function
Antioxidants that help reduce inflammation
For culinary uses like juices
Berries:
Berries are small and juicy fruits that are often packed with
fiber, vitamins and antioxidants .They are generally low in calories
making them popular in health conscious diets.
Examples: Strawberries, blueberries and black berries etc.
Region of growth:
North America (US , UK), Japan and South Korea etc.
Importance:
Hearth health due to high levels of antioxidants
For salads and desserts

Stone fruits:
Stone fruits also known as drupes, have a larger seed or
stone in the center. They are juicy and flavorful.
Examples: Peaches, Apricots and cherries etc.
Region of growth:
Central Asia (Turkey and Iran), California etc.

Importance:
Their high fiber content which aids digestion.
Vitamin A and C skin and eye health
Tropical fruits:
Tropical fruits are grown in hot and humid climates. They
have unique flavors and are often enjoyed fresh.
Examples: Mangoes, bananas, and pineapples etc.
Regions of growth:
Thailand, Brazil and Mexico etc.
Importance:
High level of vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C
Supporting immune health and digestion
Placentation
Pattern
Placentation:
The arrangement of ovules within the ovary is known as
placentation.
Placenta:
Part of the ovary that bears ovules.
Types:
Placentation have six types:
 Marginal
 Parietal
 Axile
 Free Central
 Basal/Apical
 Superficial Placentation
Mariginal Placentaion:
 The ovules are born along the ventral structure of the ovary.
 It is found in unilocular ovary.
 Ovules are born on ridge.
 E.g:Pea.
Parietal Placentaion:
 Ovules are born on the inner walls of the ovary or peripheral part.
 E.g:Mustard.
 One chambered ovary
 Ovary becomes two chambered due to formation of a false septum.
Axile Placentation:
 Placenta is Axile.
 The ovules are attached to a central axis of the ovary.
 It is found in multiocular.
 E.g: China rose.
Free Central Placentation:
 Ovules borne on central axis.
 Septa absent.
 E.g:primrose.
 The ovary is multiocular in the young stage and unilocular in the mature
stage.
Basal / Apical Placentation:
 Ovules are born at the base of the ovary.
 In this one or few ovules are present.
 It is also found in unilocular ovary.
 A single ovule is attached to it. e.g: Sunflower.
Apical Placentation:
 Where one or few ovules develope at the top of a simple or
compound ovary.
Superficial Placentation:

 The ovules are borne all around the inner surface of the septa.
 E.g: Nymphaea.
Stages Of Fruit
Development
Stages of fruit development

There are four stages of fruit development that are

mentioned below:

 Fruit set
 Rapid cell division
 Cell expansion
 Maturation
Fruit set:
This is the stage when pollination occurs and the fertilized flower begins
to develop into a fruit. The ovary of the flower starts to grow and form the
young fruit.
Rapid cell division:
After fruit set, the cells inside the fruit start to divide rapidly. This helps
the fruit increase in size, but it is still in its early, small form.
Cell expansion:
During this stage, the cells inside the fruit begin to expand, causing the
fruit to grow in size. The fruit starts to take shape and become more
noticeable.
Maturation:
This is the final stage when the fruit reaches its full size and begins to
ripen. The fruit undergoes changes in color, flavor, texture, and
nutritional content, becoming ready for harvest and consumption.
Seed
Dispersal
Method
Definition:
Process by which seeds are dispersed to a distant places by agents.

Dispersal Method :
Seeds are dispersed by different methods.

1. By wind
2. By Animal
3. By Water
4. By Explosion

By Wind :
 Some seeds are carried to a new places by wind.
 These seeds are very light.
 The seed of orchid are almost as fine as dust.
 Many have hairy growth which act like little parachutes and
carry the seed for away from parent plant.
 The seed of dandelion are carried by wind.
By Water:
 By water lilly and coconut palm are carried by water.
 Coconut can travel for thousand of kilometers across sea and ocean.
 The original coconut palms on south sea is island grew from fruits which were
carried there from the mainland by oceans currents.

By Animals:
 Animals eats the fruit but only the juicy part is digested.
 The stone and pips pass through animals digestive system and are excreted to
form a new plant.
 Blackberry , cherry and apples seed are dispersed in this way.
 Animals eats fruit and help to dispersed seed into other areas.

By Explosion:
 Some plants have pods that explode when ripe and shot out of the
Seed.
 Peas and beans also keep their seed in a pod. When seed are ripe
and Pod are dried the pod bursts open and peas and beans are
scattered.