IOT Architecture

Members
- Aditya Shukla (22BSA10081)
- Anant Bansal (22BSA10283) - Sahej Walia (22BSA10225)
- Arghya Chakrabarty - Sarthak Sambhav
(22BSA10081) (22BSA10162)
What is Internet of Things (IoT)?

 Internet of Things (IoT) is a reference to a network of connected

devices and objects which have the capacity to gather information
(e.g., alpha-numeric data, video, sound files, environmental
conditions) and share that data over the internet.
 IoT devices and systems are everywhere — from the smartphones we
carry with us, to the devices managing our home's temperature or
lights, and even pendants we put on our pets' collars to locate them.
 Further, IoT devices monitor everything from manufacturing
equipment status, to geothermic changes in active volcanos, to
trends on social media.
 What all these devices have in common is the exponential amount of
data collected every second of every day.
Types of IoT devices
 Industrial IoT (IIoT) devices:
 IIoT devices monitor, control, and optimize manufacturing operations,
equipment status, and supply chain/logistics.
 Healthcare devices:
 Healthcare IoT devices enable services such as telemedicine, medication
tracking, and remote patient monitoring which can reduce patient time spent
in hospitals.
 Smart grid devices:
 These devices monitor, control, and optimize electricity generation,
distribution, and consumption. Smart city devices: Usually deployed in urban
environments, these devices help with infrastructure monitoring, traffic
management, and law enforcement coverage.
 Connected vehicle devices:
 IoT technology enables fleet management (e.g., location vs needs-based
routing), real-time vehicle diagnostics, and optimized navigation.
IoT Architecture

 Perception layer
 The perception layer interacts with the physical environment to gather raw
data.
 Such IoT connected devices as sensors and cameras passively gather
information and images that will be communicated via the transport layer,
while actuators instruct devices to perform tasks based on sensor data or
additional commands within IoT systems.
 Transport layer
 The transport layer, sometimes called the network layer, is responsible for
the data flow and transfer of data between the sensors in the perception
layer and the processing layer through various networks.
 E.g., data transfer between IoT devices and backend systems using WiFi,
Bluetooth, etc.
 Processing layer
 The data processing layer, sometimes referred to as the middleware layer,
stores, analyzes, and pre-processes the data coming from the transport layer.
 This includes such activities as data aggregation, protocol translation, and
security enforcement to ready data for the application layer. In addition,
message brokers, IoT platforms, and edge computing nodes may also be
included in this layer.
 Application layer
 The application layer contains software applications which use the processed
data gathered in the perception layer to complete tasks or derive insights
through advanced analytics. Databases, data warehouses, and data lakes are
all included in the application layer.
 Business layer
 The business layer is probably the most commonly encountered IoT
architecture layer in that it involves user interfaces, dashboards, and data
visualization tools which most business people are accustomed to using daily.
 It's in the business layer that all the data collected and processed creates
value by providing insights and fueling business decisions.
Stages of IoT Architecture
 Devices
 This stage is about the devices in IoT solutions, including the sensors or
actuators in the perception layer. The data produced by these IoT system
devices is then transmitted to the internet gateway stage.
 Internet gateways
 The internet gateway stage receives the raw data from the IoT devices and
pre-processes it before sending it to the cloud. The internet gateway
receiving the data may be physically attached to the IoT device or a stand-
alone device that can communicate with sensors over low power networks
and relay the data to the internet. This is where the transport layer of IoT
architecture resides.
 Edge computing
 Once the pre-processed data from the internet gateway is received, the object is to
fully process data as quickly as possible. To do this effectively, an IoT system will
often employ a process called edge computing.
 Edge computing involves processing data closer to the source of its generation
(e.g., edge of a network vs centralized cloud servers). In the case of an IoT system,
this means that processing the data of IoT devices, sensors, and other edge
devices locally reduces latency, bandwidth usage, and reliance on cloud data
centers.
 It also enables real-time processing, local decision-making, and faster response
times, making it ideal for latency-sensitive and bandwidth-constrained
applications. This is where the processing layer resides.
 Cloud or data centers
 In this final stage, the data is stored for later processing. The application layer and
business layers reside in this stage, where dashboards and management software
can be fed through the data stored in the cloud. Deep analysis and resource-
intensive operations such as the creation of machine learning algorithms happen
at this stage.
Requirements

 There are some things we need to keep in mind when installing IoT
devices in a particular field’s ecosystem.
 Scalability
 Interoperability
 Reliability and resilience
 Ease of deployment and ongoing management
 Data management and analytics
 Security and privacy
Advantages and Disadvantages of
IoT
 Advantages  Disadvantages
  Security concerns and potential for hacking or
Execute multiple tasks at a
time like a computer. data breaches.
 Privacy issues related to the collection and use
 Easiest internet connectivity of personal data.
 Works on GUI (Graphical User  Dependence on technology and potential for
Interface) mode because of system failures.
HDMI port.  Limited standardization and interoperability
 Best suited for server-based among devices.
applications i.e., can be  Complexity and increased maintenance
connected via SSH–Secure requirements.
Shell-to access the RaspberryPi  High initial investment costs.
command line remotely and
 Limited battery life on some devices.
file sharing via FTP–File
Transfer Protocol.  Concerns about job displacement due to
 automation.
More reliable for software
applications.  Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT,
which can lead to confusion and uncertainty.
Thank You