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Psychological Foundation
• Psychology is a scientific study of mental functions
and human behaviour. • Psychology is playing a leading role in re-shaping the schools and classroom activities. • It’s researches have contributed in motivation, learning, child’s cognitive growth, and development etc. • The needs of the learner are, self actualization, developmental tasks and development of personality. Self-Actualization
• The Maslow identified the following needs in
hierarchical manner –Psychological needs, safety needs, need for esteem, and need for self-actualization. • Self-actualization need cannot be fulfilled unless the first four needs are met. Cont… • To maximize self-actualization the teacher should help the children to realize their potential through those activities which will fulfill his basic human needs. • The self-actualization will help children to find out who he is, what he wants to become. Thus the curriculum planners should pay special attention towards the concept of self-actualization. • There is need that the curriculum should reflect a balance between personal needs and institutional needs for the proper growth of the children. Developmental Tasks
• The concept of developmental tasks is important
for considering human need for the purpose of curriculum planning. Havighust (1950) defined this concept as follows: • “A developmental task is a task which arises for a certain period in the life of an individual, successful achievement of which leads to his happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, dis- approval by society, and difficulty with later tasks”. • Havighust Identified developmental tasks, for the six steps of human development as infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood and middle age. Teacher is a means to identify persistent basic human needs expected to appear in the first five stages. • Total success of a child in the school programme can be increased if we are able to facilitate the learners’ achievement of these needs / tasks. Fully Functional Personality
• Kelly (1962) states that the school should play
its role in helping each young boy and girl to achieve the potential of his / her “Fully Functional Self”. • It is only possible if curriculum is prepared around the basic needs of an individual to enable him to progress towards learning for fully-functional personality. cont… Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory • Differences between people result from the different ways that we predict and interpret events in the world around us. • Personal constructs were the ways that each person gathers information, evaluates it, and develops interpretations. • Examples of constructs are, intelligence, motivation, anxiety, anger, disgust and fear etc. Cont… Kelly identifies the following characteristics of fully functional personality
• Openness to experience. • Lack of defensiveness. • The ability to interpret experiences accurately. • A flexible self concept and the ability to change through experience. • The ability to trust ones experiences and form values based on those experiences. • Unconditional self regard. Cont…. • The tendency to be open to new experiences. • Does not feel the need to distort or deny experiences. • Open to feedback and willing to make realistic changes. • Lives in harmony with other people. • Cont…. • The curriculum planner should consider the characteristics of fully functional personality as guidelines for curriculum planning to achieve the objectives of curriculum effectively. Needs Theory
Rath (1972) identified the following eight persisting
emotional needs: • Need for love and affection. • Need for achievement • Need for belonging • Need for self-respect • Need to be free from deep feelings of guilt. • Need to be free from deep feelings of fear. • Need for understanding of self. • Need for economic security. • Cont….. • In case the needs remain unmet, the children might feel frustrated. If emotional needs are satisfied, other basic human needs will also be met. • The curriculum should meet these needs at every stage of development for children. • The curriculum planner should present the material before the children in a way that may be more effective in meeting basic needs of children.
