CLOUD COMPUTING

(PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVE –IV)

Course Code: CS742PE Class: IV Year B.Tech(C.S.E)

Prerequisites:
• A course on “Computer Networks”
• A course on “Operating Systems”
• A course on “Distributed Systems”

Course Objectives:

• This course provides an insight into cloud computing

• Topics covered include-distributed system models,

different cloud service models, service-oriented
architectures, cloud programming and software
environments, resource management
Course Outcomes:

• Ability to understand various service

delivery models of a cloud computing
architecture

• Ability to understand the ways in which the

cloud can be programmed and deployed

• Understanding cloud service providers

cloud computing job roles to advance the career

• Cloud architect

• Cloud administrator

• Cloud engineer

• Cloud security manager

• Cloud application developer

• Cloud network engineer

• Cloud automation engineer

 Syllabus Unit-1
Computing Paradigms:
High-Performance Computing,
Parallel Computing,
Distributed Computing,
Cluster Computing,
Grid Computing,
Cloud Computing,
Bio computing,
Mobile Computing,
Quantum Computing,
Optical Computing,
Nano computing.
 Syllabus Unit-2
Cloud Computing Fundamentals:
Motivation for Cloud Computing,
The Need for Cloud Computing,
Defining Cloud Computing,
Definition of Cloud computing,
Cloud Computing Is a Service,
Cloud Computing Is a Platform,
Principles of Cloud computing,
Five Essential Characteristics,
Four Cloud Deployment Models
 Syllabus Unit-3
Cloud Computing Architecture and Management:
Cloud architecture,
Layer,
Anatomy of the Cloud,
Network Connectivity in Cloud Computing,
Applications on the Cloud,
Managing the Cloud,
Managing the Cloud Infrastructure
Managing the Cloud application,
Migrating Application to Cloud,
Phases of Cloud Migration Approaches for Cloud migration.
 Syllabus Unit-4
Cloud Service Models:
Infrastructure as a Service, Characteristics of IaaS.
Suitability of IaaS, Pros and Cons of IaaS, Summary
of IaaS Providers,
Platform as a Service, Characteristics of PaaS,
Suitability of PaaS, Pros and Cons of PaaS,
Summary of PaaS Providers,
Software as a Service,Characteristics of SaaS,
Suitability of SaaS, Pros and Cons of SaaS, Summary
of SaaS Providers,
Other Cloud Service Models.
 Syllabus Unit-5
Cloud Service Providers:
EMC, EMC IT, Captiva Cloud Toolkit,
Google, Cloud Platform, Cloud Storage, Google Cloud Connect,
Google Cloud Print, Google App Engine,
Amazon Web Services, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud,
Amazon Simple Storage Service, Amazon Simple Queue service,
Microsoft, Windows Azure, Microsoft Assessment and Planning
Toolkit, SharePoint,
IBM, Cloud Models, IBM Smart Cloud,
SAP Labs, SAP HANA Cloud Platform, Virtualization Services
Provided by SAP,
Sales force, Sales Cloud, Service Cloud:
Knowledge as a Service, Rack space, VMware, Manjra soft,
Aneka Platform
 TEXT BOOK:
Essentials of cloud Computing: K. Chandrasekhran, CRC
press, 2014

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms by Rajkumar
Buyya, James Broberg and Andrzej M. Goscinski, Wiley,
2011.

2. Distributed and Cloud Computing, Kai Hwang, Geoffery

C. Fox, Jack J. Dongarra, Elsevier, 2012.

3.Cloud Security and Privacy: An Enterprise Perspective on

Risks and Compliance, Tim Mather, Subra Kumaraswamy,
Shahed Latif, O’Reilly, SPD, rp2011.
Processor types
Computer Networking Parts
Computer Networking Parts
Types of Computing
Personal Computing
Time Sharing Computing
Client Server Computing
Distributed Computing
Cluster Computing
Mobile Computing
Cloud Computing
Computing

• Computing is any activity that uses computers to manage,

process, and communicate information.

• It includes development of both hardware and software.

• In a general computing means any goal-oriented activity

requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers.

• Examples include enterprise software, accounting

software, office suites, graphics software and media player
HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING
 HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING
In high-performance computing systems, a pool of processors
(processor machines or central processing units [CPUs]) connected
(networked) with other resources like memory, storage, and input
and output devices, and the deployed software is enabled to run in
the entire system of connected components.

Examples of HPC include a small cluster of desktop computers or

personal computers (PCs) to the fastest supercomputers. HPC
systems are normally found in those applications where it is
required to use or solve scientific problems

Scientific examples such as protein folding in molecular biology

and studies on developing models and applications based on
nuclear fusion are worth noting as potential applications for HPC.
PARALLEL COMPUTING
 PARALLEL COMPUTING

Parallel computing is also one of the facets of HPC. Here, a set of

processors work cooperatively to solve a computational problem.
These processor machines or CPUs are mostly of homogeneous type.
Therefore, this definition is the same as that of HPC

In parallel computing, since there is simultaneous use of multiple

processor machines, the following apply:

1) It is run using multiple processors (multiple CPUs).

2) A problem is broken down into discrete parts that can be solved
concurrently.
3) Each part is further broken down into a series of instructions.
4) Instructions from each part are executed simultaneously on
different processors.
5) An overall control/coordination mechanism is employed.
 DOWNUNDER GEOSOLUTIONS

How it’s using parallel computing: One of the oil industry’s biggest
players lives in suburban Houston and goes by the name Bubba.
But Bubba’s no black-gold bigwig, it’s a supercomputer (among the
fastest on the planet) owned by Australian geoprocessing company
DownUnder GeoSolutions.
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Location: Oak Ridge, Tenn.
How it’s using parallel computing: Beyond image rendering
and pharmaceutical research, parallel processing’s herculean
data-analytics power hold great promise for public health.
Take one particularly harrowing epidemic: veteran suicide.
After the VA developed a model that dove into veterans’
prescription and refill patterns, researchers at the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory were then able to run the algorithm on a
high-performance computer 300 times faster than the VA’s
capabilities.
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING
Distributed computing is also a computing system that
consists of multiple computers or processor machines
connected through a network, which can be homogeneous
or heterogeneous, but run as a single system.
The connectivity can be such that the CPUs in a distributed
system can be physically close together and connected by a
local network, or they can be geographically distant and
connected by a wide area network.
The heterogeneity in a distributed system supports any
number of possible configurations in the processor
machines, such as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and
minicomputers.
Examples :Internet,Intranet
 FEATURES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

Scalability: It is the ability of the system to be easily

expanded by adding more machines as needed, and
vice versa, without affecting the existing setup.

Redundancy or replication: Here, several machines can

provide the same services, so that even if one is
unavailable (or failed), work does not stop because
other similar computing supports will be available.
CLUSTER COMPUTING
 CLUSTER COMPUTING

1. A cluster computing system consists of a set of the

same or similar type of processor machines
connected using a dedicated network infrastructure.

2. All processor machines share resources such as a

common home directory and have software such as a
message passing interface (MPI) implementation
installed to allow programs to be run across all nodes
simultaneously.

3. This is also a kind of HPC category. The individual

computers in a cluster can be referred to as nodes.
 EXAMPLES OF CLUSTERS : SUPERCOMPUTERS

#8 Tianhe-1A. via NVIDIA. ...

#7 Stampede. TACCutexas. ...
#6 SuperMUC. AP. ...
#5 JUQUEEN. AP. ...
#4 Mira. IBM. ...
#3 K computer. Fujitsu. ...
#2 Sequoia. Department of Energy. Speed: 16.32 petaflops per
second. ...
#1 Titan. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Speed: 17.59 petaflops.
SUPERCOMPUTERS OF INDIA
 GRID COMPUTING

1. The idea of grid computing is to make use of such non utilized

computing power by the needy organizations, and thereby the
return on investment (ROI) on computing investments can be
increased.

2. Grid computing is a network of computing or processor

machines managed with a kind of software such as middleware,
in order to access and use the resources remotely.

3. The managing activity of grid resources through the middleware

is called grid services.

4. Grid services provide access control, security, access to data

including digital libraries and databases, and access to large-
scale interactive and long-term storage facilities.
 GRID COMPUTING

1) Its ability to make use of unused computing power, and thus,

it is a cost-effective solution (reducing investments, only
recurring costs)

2) As a way to solve problems in line with any HPC-based

application

3) Enables heterogeneous resources of computers to work

cooperatively and collaboratively to solve a scientific problem

4) Researchers associate the term grid to the way electricity is

distributed in municipal areas for the common man. In this
context, the difference between electrical power grid and grid
computing is worth noting
GRID COMPUTING
 TERA GRID
TeraGrid was an e-Science grid computing infrastructure
combining resources at eleven partner sites. The project started
in 2001 and operated from 2004 through 2011.
The TeraGrid integrated high-performance computers, data
resources and tools, and experimental facilities. Resources
included more than a petaflops of computing capability and
more than 30 petabytes of online and archival data storage, with
rapid access and retrieval over high-performance computer
network connections. Researchers could also access more than
100 discipline-specific databases.
TeraGrid was coordinated through the Grid Infrastructure Group
(GIG) at the University of Chicago, working in partnership with
the resource provider sites in the United States.
 TERA GRID

TeraGrid users primarily came from U.S. universities. There

are roughly 4,000 users at over 200 universities. Academic
researchers in the United States can obtain exploratory,
or development allocations (roughly, in "CPU hours") based on
an abstract describing the work to be done. More extensive
allocations involve a proposal that is reviewed during a
quarterly peer-review process. All allocation proposals are
handled through the TeraGrid website.
NSF LEAD PROJECT BASED ON GRID
 CLOUD COMPUTING

1. The computing trend moved toward cloud from the

concept of grid computing, particularly when large
computing resources are required to solve a single
problem, using the ideas of computing power as a utility
and other allied concepts.

2. However, the potential difference between grid and cloud

is that grid computing supports leveraging several
computers in parallel to solve a particular application, while
cloud computing supports -leveraging multiple resources,
including computing resources, to deliver a unified service
to the end user.
CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud Computing
 CLOUD COMPUTING

The computing trend moved toward cloud from the concept of

grid computing, particularly when large computing resources are
required to solve a single problem, using the ideas of computing
power as a utility and other allied concepts.

However, the potential difference between grid and cloud is that

grid computing supports leveraging several computers in parallel
to solve a particular application, while cloud computing supports
-leveraging multiple resources, including computing resources, to
deliver a unified service to the end user.
 CLOUD COMPUTING

In cloud computing, the IT and business resources, such as

servers, storage, network, applications, and processes, can be
dynamically provisioned to the user needs and workload.

In addition, while a cloud can provision and support a grid, a

cloud can also support non grid environments, such as a three-tier
web architecture running on traditional or Web 2.0 applications.
 CLOUD COMPUTING

SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS are simply three ways to describe how you
can use the cloud for your business.

IaaS: cloud-based services, pay-as-you-go for services such as

storage, networking, and virtualization.

PaaS: hardware and software tools available over the internet.

SaaS: software that’s available via a third-party over the

internet.

On-premise: software that’s installed in the same building as

your business.
 CLOUD COMPUTING EXAMPLES

SaaS examples: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce,

Dropbox, MailChimp, ZenDesk, DocuSign, Slack, Hubspot.

PaaS examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Heroku, Windows

Azure (mostly used as PaaS), Force.com, OpenShift, Apache
Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud.

IaaS examples: AWS EC2, Rackspace, Google Compute

Engine (GCE), Digital Ocean, Magento 1 Enterprise Edition*.
BIO COMPUTING
 BIO COMPUTING

1. Biocomputing systems use the concepts of biologically

derived or simulated molecules (or models) that perform
computational processes in order to solve a problem.

2. The biologically derived models aid in structuring the

computer programs that become part of the application.

3. Biocomputing provides the theoretical background and

practical tools for scientists to explore proteins and DNA.
 BIO COMPUTING

4. DNA and proteins are nature’s building blocks, but these

building blocks are not exactly used as bricks; the function of
the final molecule rather strongly depends on the order of
these blocks.

5. Thus, the biocomputing scientist works on inventing the

order suitable for various applications mimicking biology.

6. Biocomputing shall, therefore, lead to a better

understanding of life and the molecular causes of certain
diseases.
MOBILE COMPUTING
 MOBILE COMPUTING

• Mobile communication for voice applications (e.g., cellular

phone) is widely established throughout the world and
witnesses a very rapid growth in all its dimensions including
the increase in the number of subscribers of various cellular
networks.

• An extension of this technology is the ability to send and

receive data across various cellular networks using small
devices such as smart phones.
 MOBILE COMPUTING

• There can be numerous applications based on this technology;

for example, video call or conferencing is one of the important
applications that people prefer to use in place of existing voice
(only) communications on mobile phones.

• Mobile computing–based applications are becoming very

important and rapidly evolving with various technological
advancements as it allows users to transmit data from remote
locations to other remote or fixed locations.
MOBILE COMPUTING
 QUANTUM COMPUTING

Manufacturers of computing systems say that there is a limit for

cramming more and more transistors into smaller and smaller
spaces of integrated circuits (ICs) and thereby doubling the
processing power about every 18 months.

This problem will have to be overcome by a new quantum

computing–based solution, wherein the dependence is on
quantum information, the rules that govern the subatomic world.

Quantum computers are millions of times faster than even our

most powerful supercomputers today.
 QUANTUM COMPUTING

Since quantum computing works differently on the most

fundamental level than the current technology, and although
there are working prototypes, these systems have not so far
proved to be alternatives to today’s silicon-based machines.
 QUANTUM COMPUTING

Quantum is based on superconducting qubits developed

by IBM Research in Zürich, Switzerland. The qubits in the
device shown here will be cooled to under 1 kelvin using
a dilution refrigerator.

Quantum computing is the use of quantum phenomena

such as superposition and entanglement to
perform computation.
Computers that perform quantum computations are
known as quantum computers.
Quantum computers are believed to be able to solve
certain computational problems, such as integer
factorization (which underlies RSA encryption),
substantially faster than classical computers.
The study of quantum computing is a subfield of quantum
information science.
 OPTICAL COMPUTING
Optical computing system uses the photons in visible light or infrared
beams, rather than electric current, to perform digital computations.

An electric current flows at only about 10% of the speed of light.

This limits the rate at which data can be exchanged over long
distances and is one of the factors that led to the evolution of optical
fiber.

By applying some of the advantages of visible and/or IR networks at

the device and component scale, a computer can be developed that
can perform operations 10 or more times faster than a conventional
electronic computer.
OPTICAL COMPUTING
 OPTICAL COMPUTING
What is an Optical Computer?
A device that uses Photons or Infrared beams, instead of electric
current, for its digital computations is termed as an Photonic or
Optical Computer.

The working principle of Optical Computer is similar to the

conventional computer except with some portions that performs
functional operations in Optical mode. Photons are generated by
LED’s, lasers and a variety of other devices. They can be used for
encoding the data similar to electrons.

Design and implementation of Optical transistors is currently under

progress with the ultimate aim of building Optical Computer. Multi
design Optical transistors are being experimented with.
 OPTICAL COMPUTING
Optical or photonic computing uses photons produced by lasers or diodes for
computation. For decades, photons have promised to allow a
higher bandwidth than the electrons used in conventional computers

Most research projects focus on replacing current computer components with

optical equivalents, resulting in an optical digital computer system
processing binary data. This approach appears to offer the best short-term
prospects for commercial optical computing, since optical components could be
integrated into traditional computers to produce an optical-electronic hybrid.
However, optoelectronic devices lose 30% of their energy converting electronic
energy into photons and back; this conversion also slows the transmission of
messages. All-optical computers eliminate the need for optical-electrical-optical
(OEO) conversions, thus lessening the need for electrical power.
Application-specific devices, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical
correlators, have been designed to use the principles of optical computing.
Correlators can be used, for example, to detect and track objects, and to classify
serial time-domain optical data.
OPTICAL COMPUTING

Bit-Serial Optical Computer

 NANO COMPUTING

Nano computing refers to computing systems that are constructed

from nano scale components.

The silicon transistors in traditional computers may be replaced by

transistors based on carbon nano tubes.

The successful realization of nano computers relates to the scale

and integration of these nano tubes or components.

The issues of scale relate to the dimensions of the components;

they are, at-most, a few nanometers in at least two dimensions.
 NANO COMPUTING

The issues of integration of the components are twofold:

1) The manufacture of complex arbitrary patterns may be
economically infeasible
2) Nano computers may include massive quantities of devices.
Researchers are working on all these issues to bring nano
computing a reality.
 NANO COMPUTING

Nanocomputer refers to a computer smaller than

the microcomputer, which is smaller than the minicomputer.

Microelectronic components that are at the core of all modern

electronic devices employ semiconductor transistors.

The term nanocomputer is increasingly used to refer to general

computing devices of size comparable to a credit card.
Modern Single-Board Computers such as the Raspberry
Pi and Gumstix would fall under this classification.

Arguably, Smartphones and Tablets would also be classified as

nanocomputers.
 NANO COMPUTING EXAMPLES

Without nanotechnology, we wouldn't have many of the

electronics we use in everyday life. Intel is undoubtedly a leader in
tiny computer processors, and the latest generation of Intel’s Core
processor technology is a 10-nanometer chip. When you think a
nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, that’s incredibly impressive!
 NETWORK COMPUTING

Network computing is a generic term in computing which refers

to computers or nodes working together over a network.
It may also mean:
1) Cloud computing, a kind of Internet-based computing that
provides shared processing resources and data to devices on
demand
2) Distributed computing
3) Virtual Network Computing
UNIT I COMPLETED