SQL Operations, Conditional & Iterative

controls in PL/SQL
SQL Statements in PL/SQL

• Extract a row of data from the database by using the SELECT command.

• Make changes to rows in the database by using DML commands.

• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

• Control a transaction with the COMMIT, ROLLBACK, or SAVEPOINT

command.

-2 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
Retrieving Data in PL/SQL

• Retrieve data from the database with SELECT.

• SELECT statement must use with INTO clause and it must return exactly
one row.
SELECT select_list
INTO {variable_name[, variable_name]...
| record_name}
FROM table
WHERE condition;

• Example

DECLARE
v_orderdate ord.orderdate%TYPE;
v_shipdate ord.shipdate%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT orderdate, shipdate
INTO v_orderdate, v_shipdate
FROM ord
WHERE id = 620;
...
END;
-3 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
Manipulating Data Using PL/SQL

Make changes to database tables by using DML commands:

• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

INSERT

UPDATE

DELETE

-4 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
Updating and Deleting Data
• Increase the salary of all employees in the EMP table who are Analysts
Example:

DECLARE
v_sal_increase emp.sal%TYPE := 2000;
BEGIN
UPDATE emp
SET sal = sal + v_sal_increase
WHERE job = 'ANALYST';
END;

• Delete rows that belong to department 10 from the emp table.

DECLARE
DECLARE
v_deptno
v_deptno emp.deptno%TYPE
emp.deptno%TYPE :=:= 10;
10;
BEGIN
BEGIN
DELETE
DELETE FROM
FROM emp
emp
WHERE
WHERE deptno
deptno == v_deptno;
v_deptno;
END;
END;

-5 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
Conditional Control
• The logical flow of statements can be changed using conditional IF
statements and loop control structures.

• Conditional IF statements:
• IF-THEN-END IF
• IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF
• IF-THEN-ELSIF-END IF

Syntax Example

IF
IF condition
condition THEN
THEN IF
IF V_DEPTNO
V_DEPTNO == 10
10 THEN
THEN
statements;
statements; V_JOB := 'SALESMAN';
V_JOB := 'SALESMAN';
[ELSIF
[ELSIF condition
condition THEN
THEN ELSIF
ELSIF V_DEPTNO
V_DEPTNO == 2020 THEN
THEN
statements;]
statements;] V_JOB
V_JOB :=
:= ‘EXECUTIVE';
‘EXECUTIVE';
[ELSE
[ELSE ELSE
ELSE
statements;]
statements;] V_JOB
V_JOB :=
:= ‘MANAGER';
‘MANAGER';
END
END IF;
IF; END IF;
END IF;

-6 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
Iterative Control

• Loops repeat a statement or sequence of statements multiple times.

• Loop types:
• Simple loop
• FOR loop
• WHILE loop

• Loops can be Nested to multiple levels.

• Exit loop with the EXIT statement

-7 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
Simple Basic Loop
Syntax

LOOP -- delimiter
statement1; -- statements
. . .
EXIT [WHEN condition]; -- EXIT statement
END LOOP; -- delimiter

where: condition is a Boolean variable or

expression (TRUE, FALSE,
or NULL);

Example
DECLARE
v_ordid item.ordid%TYPE := 100;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
INSERT INTO item(ordid, itemid)
VALUES(v_ordid, i);
END LOOP;
END;
-8 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
Numeric FOR Loop

• Syntax

FOR index in [REVERSE]

lower_bound..upper_bound LOOP
statement1;
statement2;
. . .
END LOOP;

• Loop index is implicitly of type NUMBER

• It is only defined within the loop
• Value may be referenced in an expression, but a new value may not be
assigned to it within the loop

Example

BEGIN
FOR i IN REVERSE 21…30 LOOP
INSERT INTO EMP_CNT(CNT)VALUES (i);
END LOOP;
END;

-9 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
WHILE Loop

• The sequence of statements will be repeated as long as condition evaluates

to TRUE

WHILE condition LOOP Condition is

statement1; evaluated at the
statement2; beginning of
. . . each iteration.
END LOOP;
• Example

DECLARE
ctr NUMBER (3) := 0;
BEGIN
WHILE ctr < 500 LOOP
INSERT INTO temp(message)
VALUES (‘Data inserted successfully’);
ctr := ctr +1 ;
END LOOP;
END;
-
10 Document Name
CONFIDENTIAL
Thank You