ORGANIC

CHEMISTRY
HYDROCARBONS
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS

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 OBJECTIVES:
LESSON
PRESENTATION TITL

OBJECTIVES
 Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds
 Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic elements of the
representative block
 Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds
 Describe the geometry of simple compounds
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 Determine the polarity of simple molecules

 Describe the different functional groups
 Describe structural isomerism; give examples
 Describe some simple reactions of organic compounds: combustion
of organic fuels, addition, condensation, and saponification of fats
 Describe the formation and structure of polymers
 Explain the properties of some polymers in terms of their
structure
 Describe the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and
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carbohydrates, and relate them to their function
 Describe the preparation of selected organic compounds
scent of
lemons
scent of
vanilla
scent of
cinnamon
smell of oil of
Wintergreen
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 WHAT ARE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS?
PRESENTATION TITL

An organic compound is
defined as a compound
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whose molecules contain

Carbon and Hydrogen or also
known as hydrocarbons or a
compound that is a
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derivative of it.
 GENERAL
CHARACTERISTIC S OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
•Organic compounds contain complex structures
and have high molecular weights.
•These are soluble in organic solvents but
mostly insoluble in water.
•Mostly includes only three elements: Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
•Organic compounds are also combustible in
nature.
•Most properties of these compounds are
6 depended on the functional group attached to
them.
 SPECIAL NATURE OF
CARBON
 Carbon has the ability to form bonds with the other carbon atoms due to
which it can form large molecules. This is called catenation property (Self
linkage of atoms of an element).

 Carbon is tetravalent which means it has a valency of four. It can form bonds
with four other atoms.
 It is known for its versatility due to which it is capable of forming a large
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number of organic compounds.

PRESENTATION TITL
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

Homologous series is a family of organic

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compounds with similar chemical properties.

example: alkanes, alkenes, alcohols,

carboxylic acids

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PRESENTATION TITL

HYDROCARBON
S
E

 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds

that are entirely made up of only two
kinds of atoms – carbon and hydrogen.
 classified into four subcategories,
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namely: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and
aromatic hydrocarbons.
PRESENTATION TITL CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF
On the basis of
HYDROCARBONS structure
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PRESENTATION TITL

ALIPHATIC
COMPOUNDS
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 Aliphatic compounds
have single or multiple
carbon bonds but do
not have cyclic
structures.
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PRESENTATION TITL

ALICYCLIC
COMPOUNDS
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 Alicyclic compounds
are formed by joining
two carbon atoms of
an aliphatic chain
through a covalent
bond resulting in a
12 cyclic structure.
PRESENTATION TITL

AROMATIC
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 Aromatic
compounds are
also cyclic, but
the bonds are
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delocalized.
 HETEROCYCLIC

 Heterocyclic
compounds can be
either alicyclic or
aromatic, but the ring
contains one or more
hetero atoms.
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PRESENTATION TITL
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 HYDROCARBONS

 The four general classes of hydrocarbons

are: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and
arenes.

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 HYDROCARBONS-
ALKANES
 Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, contain
only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
 Each of the carbon atoms in an alkane
has sp3 hybrid orbitals and is bonded to four other
atoms, each of which is either carbon or hydrogen.

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 HYDROCARBONS-ALKANES

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 HYDROCARBONS-
ALKANES

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 HYDROCARBONS-
ALKANES (C n H 2n +2
 Meth -1 Name Molecular Condensed
 Eth-2 Formula Structural
 Prop-3 formula
 But-4 Methane CH4 CH4
 Pent-5
 Hex-6 Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3
 Hept-7 Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3
 Oct-8
 Butane C4H10 CH3(CH2)2CH3
20 Non-9
 Dec-10 Pentane C5H12 CH3(CH2)3CH3
 HYDROCARBONS-
ALKANES (C n H 2n +2
 Meth -1 Name Molecular Condensed
 Eth-2 Formula Structural
 Prop-3 formula
 But-4 Hexane C6H14 CH3(CH2)xCH3
 Pent-5
 Hex-6 Heptane CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3
 Hept-7 Octane CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3
 Oct-8
 Nonane CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3
21 Non-9
 Dec-10 Decane CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3
 HYDROCARBONS-ALKANES (C n H 2 n +2
Name Molecular Condensed
Formula Structural
 Meth -1 formula
 Eth-2 Undecane CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3
 Prop-3
 But-4 Dodecane CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3
 Pent-5 Tridecane CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3
 Hex-6
 Hept-7 Tetradecane CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3
 Oct-8 Pentadecan CxHy CH3(CH2)xCH3

22 Non-9 e
 Dec-10
Eicosane C H CH (CH ) CH
 SUBSTITUENT

This group is considered

a substituent; an additional
group that is on the “main part” of
the molecule called the parent
chain.

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 PARENT CHAIN

parent
chain.

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 ALKYL GROUPS

Alkyl groups are formed

by removing one
hydrogen from the
corresponding alkane
and are named based on
this alkane by simply
changing the ending
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from –ane to -yl.

 DIFFERENT ALKYL GROUPS
WITH THE SAME CHEMICAL
FORMULA.

Notice that in the

isopropyl, a hydrogen,
connected to a
secondary carbon atom,
is removed and it is this
secondary carbon that
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is connected to the
parent chain.
Step 1. Find the parent chain. The longest possible chain here consists of nine
carbons, so the parent chain is nonane.

Step 2. Find the substituents. In this case, we have a methyl and an ethyl group.

Step 3. Number the parent chain giving the lowest possible numbers to the
substituents:

Out of the two options, 2-methyl is better than 4-ethyl.

Step 4. Put the parent chain and substituents together by placing the
substituents in alphabetical order!

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 HYDROCARBONS-ALKENES (C n H 2 n )

 Alkenes
 Organic compounds that contain one or more
double or triple bonds between carbon atoms are
described as unsaturated.
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules that contain
one or more double bonds are called alkenes.

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 ALKENES (C n H 2 n )
Name Molecular Condensed
Formula Structural
formula
Ethene C2H4 CH2CH2

Propene C3H6 CH3CHCH2

Butene C4H8 CH3CHCHCH3

31 Pentene C5H10 CH3CHCHCH2CH3

 ALKENES (C n H 2 n )
Name Molecular Condensed Structural
Formula formula
Hexene C6H12

Heptene CxHy

Octene CxHy

Nonene CxHy

Decene
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CxHy
 ALKENES (C n H 2 n )
How are alkenes and alkynes named?
Higher alkenes and alkynes are called by adding a -ene
(alkene) or -yne (alkyne) suffix to the stem name of the
unbranched alkane with that number of carbons and
counting the number of carbons in the longest
continuous chain that includes the double or triple bond.
• 2-pentene
CH3–CH=CH–CH2–CH3

• 3-heptene
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CH3–CH2–CH=CH–CH2–CH2–CH3
 IUPAC Rules for Alkene Nomenclature
1.The ene suffix (ending) indicates an alkene
2.The longest chain chosen for the root name must include both carbon
atoms of the double bond.
3.The root chain must be numbered from the end nearest a double bond
carbon atom. If the double bond is in the center of the chain, the nearest
substituent rule is used to determine the end where numbering starts.
4.The smaller of the two numbers designating the carbon atoms of the
double bond is used as the double bond locator. If more than one double
bond is present the compound is named as a diene, triene or equivalent
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prefix indicating the number of double bonds, and each double bond is
 HYDROCARBONS-ALKYNES (C n H 2 n - 2 )

 Alkynes
are hydrocarbons which
contain carbon-carbon
triple bonds.
 Their general formula is
CnH2n-2 for molecules with
one triple bond (and no
rings).
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HYDROCARBONS-ALKYNES (C n H 2 n - 2 )
Name Molecular Formula
Ethyne C2H2
Propyne C3H4
1-Butyne C4H6
1-Pentyne C5H8
1-Hexyne C6H10
1-Heptyne C7H12
1-Octyne C8H14
36 1-Nonyne C9H16
1-Decyne C10H18
 IUPAC Rules for Alkyne Nomenclature
Step 1. Identify the parent chain.
Step 2. Identify the substituents.
Step 3. Number the parent chain giving the
triple bond the lowest locant
Step 4. Put everything together having the
substituents in alphabetical order.
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THANK YOU