Understanding Internet Protocol

Module 4
Objectives

Skills/Concepts Objective Domain Objective Domain

Description Number
Working with IPv4 Understand IPv4 3.2

Working with IPv6 Understand IPv6 3.3

IPv4
• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of
the Internet Protocol and the first version to be widely
deployed
• IPv4 is a frequently used communications protocol and is
one of the core protocols for the Internet
• IP resides on the network layer of the OSI model
IP Addresses
• IP addresses consist of four octets (8-bits), each between
0 and 255.
• Examples include:
• 12.5.24.2
• 127.0.0.1
• 192.168.3.54
• 208.32.56.232
• In order for an IP address to function, there must be a
properly configured IP address and compatible subnet
mask
• To connect to the Internet (or any remote network), you
will also need a gateway address and – optionally – a DNS
server address
Classful Network Architecture
• The IPv4 classification system is known as a classful
network architecture broken down into five sections:
Classes A, B, and C are commonly used
• An Class A IP address, the first octet is the “network”
portion
Clas IP Range Default Network ID / Host Networks Usable
s (1st Subnet Mask ID Possible Addresses
Octet)
A 0 – 127 255.0.0.0 Net.Host.Host.Host 2^7 = 128 2^24 – 2 =
16,777,214
B 128 - 191 255.255.0.0 Net.Net.Host.Host 2^14 = 2^16 – 2 =
16,384 65,534
C 192 – 223 255.255.255.0 Net.Net.Net.Host 2^21 = 2^9 -2 = 254
2,097,151
D 224 - 239 N/A N/A N/A N/A
E 240 - 255 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Loopback Testing
• The range for Class A is 0–127
• The 127 network number isn’t used by hosts as a logical IP
address Instead, this network is used for loopback IP
addresses, allowing for testing
Usable Addresses
• Usable addresses are always going to be two less than the
mathematical amount.
• The first and last addresses cannot be used
• For network 172.24.3.X
• The 0 (in binary) for the host address is the entire network
• 172.24.3.0
• The 1s (in binary) for the host address is the broadcast address
• 172.24.3.255

• Class D and Class E are not used by regular hosts

• Class D is used for what is known as multicasting—transmitting data to multiple computers (or
routers)
• Class E was reserved for future use, but this has given way to IPv6 instead
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
DEMO: Using Calculator to convert base
numbering systems
IP Conflict
• IP conflicts occur when two devices have been assigned
the same IP address
• Windows Error:
There is an IP address conflict with another system on the
network
• If there is an IP address conflict, the devices will have
problems sending and receiving data
Public and Private Addresses
• IPv4 addresses are further classified as either public or
private. Public IP addresses are ones that are exposed to
the Internet
• Devices connected to the Internet can potentially communicate with them

• Private IP addresses are hidden from the Internet and any

other networks
• Usually behind an IP proxy or firewall device

• Private Address
Class Start of Range End of Range
A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255

B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
Static and Dynamic Addresses
• Static IP address are addresses that are manually assigned
to a host
• Dynamic IP addresses are more common than static IP
addresses, whereas they automatically obtain an IP
address (and other IP information)
APIPA
• APIPA is an acronym for Automatic Private IP Addressing
• It uses a single Class B network number: 169.254.0.0
• If a Windows client cannot get an IP address from a DHCP
server and has not been configured statically, it will auto-
assign a number on this network
Default Gateway and DNS Server
• For a device to communicate on the Internet, a default
gateway and DNS server must be assigned
• Default gateway – Provides a default route for TCP/IP hosts
to use when communicating with hosts on remote networks
The first IP address of the device that a client computer will
look for when attempting to gain access outside the local
network
• DNS Server – The server that provides name resolution of
domain names to IP addresses
DEMO: IP Address Properties, Default
Gateway and DNS Server
Network Address Translation
• Network address translation (NAT) provides a method for
translating IPv4 addresses of devices on one network into
IPv4 addresses of devices on a different network
• NAT was developed to provide a temporary solution to the
IPv4 address issue
• Enables one address space (private) to be re-mapped to
another address space, or perhaps re-mapped to a single
public IP address
Network Address Translation
Network Address Translation (NAT) is
the process of modifying IP address
information in IPv4 headers while in transit
across a traffic routing device
192.168.0.10

192.168.0.11

192.168.0.255 56.72.210.7
Network Address Translation
Subnetting
• Subnetting is the subdivision of your logical IP network
• By default, all computers are on one subnet or network with
no divisions involved.
• My modifying the default subnet mask, you can subnet your
network into multiple smaller networks.

Type Decimal Binary

Class A 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000

Class B 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Class C 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Subnet IDs
Subnets
IPv6
• IPv6 is the new generation of IP addressing for the Internet
• IPv6 solves many of the limitations of IPv4, including address
space and security
• IPv6 addresses are represented as 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal
digits
• IPv6 is not backward compatible with IPv4
• IPv6 is a 128-bit system while IPv4 is only a 32-bit system
• IPv4 allows approximately 4.3 billion IP addresses
• IPv6 allows 3.4 X 10^38 (340 undecillion) addresses
IPv6 Addresses Types
• Unicast address: Packet is delivered to a single network
interface
There are two types of unicast addresses:
• Global unicast addresses are routable and displayed directly to the Internet
• Link local address are automatically configured addresses to communicate with devices on the
same link (subnet)
• Anycast address: Identifies multiple interfaces, but the packet
is delivered to the nearest of the network interfaces (routing
distance)
• Multicast address: Packet is delivered to multiple network
interfaces
IPv6 Address Components
• IPv6 addresses are broken down into three parts:
• Site prefix: The first three groups of numbers that define the
“network”
• Subnet ID: Defines the individual subnet of the network that
the address is located on
• Interface ID: The individual host IP portion
• IPv6 Address:
2001:4860:0000:2001:0000:0000:0000:0068
Site Prefix Subnet ID Interface ID
2001.4860.0000 2001 0000:0000:0000:006
48 bits 16 bits 8
64 bits
DEMO: IPv6
Dual IP Stack
• A dual IP stack exists when there are two Internet
Protocol software implementations in an operating system,
one for IPv4 and another for IPv6
• Dual stack IP hosts can run IPv4 and IPv6 independently,
or they can use a hybrid implementation, which is the
most commonly used method for modern operating
systems
IPv4-Mapped Addresses
• IPv4-mapped addresses have the first 80 bits set to 0
(note the double colon), the next 16 set to 1 (shown as
ffff), and the last 32 bits populated by the IPv4 address
• These addresses look like IPv6 addresses, other than the
last 32 bits, which are written in the customary dot-
decimal notation.
• IPv4-mapped IPv6 address for address 10.254.254.1
is ::ffff:10.254.254.1
IPv4 to IPv6 Tunneling
• IPv6 packets can be encapsulated inside IPv4 datagrams.
• In Microsoft operating systems, this is generally done with
the Teredo adapter, which is a virtual adapter or “pseudo-
interface,” not a physical network adapter. An example of
one of these addresses would be:
Fe80::5efe:10.0.0.2%2
Summary
• Be able to categorize IPv4 addresses using classifications
such as Class A, B, and C
• You have learned the default gateway and DNS server are
and how to configure them within a network adapter’s TCP/IP
properties dialog box.
• Be able to define advanced TCP/IP concepts, such as NAT and
subnetting, and how to create network subnets.
• You have learned the basics of IPv6 and how to configure IPv6
by using the command line
• You have learned how to define IPv6 dual stack and tunneling
technologies
Additional Resources & Next Steps
Instructor-Led Courses
• 40033A: Windows Operating System and
Windows Server Fundamentals: Training 2-
Pack for MTA Exams 98-349 and 98-365 (5
Days)
• 40349A: Windows Operating System
Fundamentals: MTA Exam 98-349 (3 Days)
• 40032A: Networking and Security
Fundamentals: Training 2-Pack for MTA
Exams 98-366 and 98-367 (5 Days)
• 40366A: Networking Fundamentals: MTA
Books
• Exam 98-366: MTA
Exam 98-366 Exams &
Networking Certification
Fundamentals
(Microsoft Official s
Academic Course) • Exam 98-366:
Networking
Fundamentals
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