The Properties of

Matter and its Various

Forms
Lesson 2
 Introduction 2

• Matter is everything
around us.
• Humans are blessed and
privileged to be
surrounded by materials of
various kinds.
• Matter, therefore,
comprises all the things
that can be seen, felt, and
touched.
 Learning Objectives 3

At the end of the lesson, the learners must be able to:

1. Use properties of matter to identify substances and
to separate them.
2. Recognize the formulas of common chemical
substances.
3. Describe various simple separation techniques such
as distillation, chromatography.
4. Compare consumer products on the basis of their
components for use, safety, quality and cost.
Important Terms to Remember 4

Chemistry
• Deals with composition, structure and
properties of matter including its
transformation and the accompanying energy
changes.

Matter
• is anything that has mass and occupies space.
5
States of Matter 6
Solids
• Soil, wood, chalk, and
chairs can come in all
sizes, shapes, and forms.
• Their particles are close
together, but they cannot
be compressed and
cannot move freely from
place to place.
• This gives solid objects a
fixed shape.
States of Matter 7

Liquids
• such as water and soft
drinks
• Particles are close together
but are not held so rigidly in
position
• Can move past one another;
hence, they flow and take
the shape of their
containers.
 States of Matter 8
The particles in gases
• such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
water vapor
• Far apart from each other and are
arranged in a random way.
• The particles also move quickly in all
directions.
• Gases can fill up any container of
any shape and size and can be
compressed because of the far
distances of their molecules from
one another.
Macroscopic and Microscopic View of the
3 Phases of Matter 9
Plasma 10

• Plasma has no defined

shape or volume.
• It can expand to fill a
container. However, the
particles in plasma are
ionized (carry an electric
charge) and very widely
separated from each
other
Phase changes of matter 11

• Some matter can exist in all three states. An example of this is

water.
• At room temperature, water is liquid, When heated, the liquid
state changes to gas (evaporation process)
• When vapor molecules slow down and gradually turn back into
liquid (condensation process)
• When frozen, extremely slow and move very little. They hold on
to each other, turning the water into ice, which is in the solid
state (freezing process)
• Ice at room temperature turns the ice back into liquid state
(melting process)
 Phase changes of matter 12

• Sublimation by the addition

of heat, solid is converted to
gas.
• Deposition occurs when gas
is converted to solid.
 Properties of Matter 13

• Characteristics of a certain
substance that sets it apart from other
substances.
• It can be categorized into two groups –
the physical properties and the chemical
properties.
Properties of Matter 14

Intensive
Property
Physical
Property
Properties Extensive
of Matter Property
Chemical
Property
Properties of Matter 15
A. Physical Property 16

• The physical properties of matter are those

that can be measured and observed
without changing the composition of the
substance.
• It is further divided into two classifications,
namely the intensive physical property and
the extensive physical property.
A. Physical Property 17

1. Intensive Physical Property

• The intensive physical property, also called as
intrinsic property, does not depend on the
size or amount of the sample.
• For example, a 100 mL water and a 10 mL water
have the same boiling point (100°C), freezing
point (0°C), and density (1 g/mL at 4°C).
✔Color, melting point, boiling point, density,
solubility, conductivity, malleability, luster, and
viscosity
A. Physical Property 18

2. Extensive Physical Property

• The extensive physical property or the extrinsic

property is those that can be affected by the
size and amount of samples.
✔mass, volume, length, and shape of the substance.
B. Chemical Property 19

• The chemical property of matter is the

ability of a substance to react with
other substances such as air, water,
acid, and base.
20
Transformations that matter may
21
undergo:

• Matter undergoes changes when its

conditions are altered.
• These changes can either be physical or
chemical.
Physical Changes 22

• No change in the composition of matter.

• It occurs when the internal make-up of the
matter stays the same, even after the change
- only shape, size, and state are altered.
• Examples of physical change are melting or
ice, drying up of wet clothes, pulverizing
mothballs, cutting of paper, and hammering
of iron.
Phase changes are physical 23
changes:
• 1. Melting- solid to liquid
• 2. Evaporation- liquid to gas
• 3. Sublimation – solid to gas
• 4. Freezing – liquid to solid
• 5. Condensation – gas to liquid
• 6. Deposition – gas to solid
Chemical Changes 24

• There is a change in the composition of

matter.
• It occurs when a substance is converted to a
new substance.
• It occurs when smell changes, gas evolves,
precipitate forms, energy releases or absorbs,
temperature changes, and color changes in a
reaction system.
• Both intrinsic and extrinsic properties are changed
Types of Chemical 25
Reactions:

𝟐𝑯𝟐𝑶→𝟐𝑯𝟐+ 𝑶𝟐
𝟑𝑯𝟐+𝑵𝟐→
• Decomposition

𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟑
• Combination/Synthesis

𝑴𝒈+𝟐𝑯𝑪𝒍
→𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐+ 𝑯𝟐
• Single Displacement

𝑯𝑪𝒍+𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
→𝑯𝟐𝑶+𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
• Double Displacement
Classification of Matter 26
Pure Substances 27

• A pure substance is a matter that has a

definite composition and distinct properties.
• It can be either an element or a
compound.
 Element 28

• the simplest form of matter, only one kind of atom, the

smallest particle of an element. It is a pure substance that
cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance by ordinary
chemical means.
• Examples of elements are hydrogen, helium, carbon, iron, and
nickel.
• Elements are represented by symbols; the first letter of the symbol
is always capitalized, but any following letters are not.
• The symbols of some elements, such as C for carbon and He for
helium, are derived from the first letter or letters of the name of the
element.
• Latin names of the element Such as Cuprum (Cu) for copper, Aurum
Compound 29

• Elements react with each other to form a

compound, a pure substance containing two
or more kinds of atom chemically combined
in a definite proportion by mass.
• Compounds can be separated into simpler
substances, but only through chemical
means.
• Sodium chloride (NaCl), which is formed when
sodium (Na) atom reacts with chlorine (CI)
atom.*
Compound 30

(𝐻2𝑂), carbon dioxide or dry ice (C𝑂2),

• Other examples of compounds are water

(𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11), caustic soda (NaOH), milk of

ammonia (N𝐻3), sucrose or table sugar

magnesia (Mg(OH)2), slaked lime (Ca(OH)2),

baking soda (NaHC𝑂3).

corundum (A𝑙2𝑂3), laughing gas (𝑁2𝑂), aqua

• Gypsum or plaster of Paris (CaS𝑂4),

fortis (HN𝑂 ), and oil of Vitriol (𝐻 𝑆𝑂 ).

 Mixtures 31
• are composed of two or more substances combined
physically in variable proportions.
• It can be a physical combination of two elements, such
as bronze (a mixture of Au and Cu) and amalgam (a

solution (a mixture of water (𝐻2𝑂) and sodium chloride

mixture of Ag and Hg); of two compounds such as salt

(𝐶2𝐻6𝑂) and water (𝐻2𝑂); and mixture of water (𝐻2𝑂)

(NaCI); alcoholic beverages (a mixture of ethanol

and toluene (𝐶7𝐻8).

• In the formation of a mixture, components retain their
 Classification of 32
Mixtures
• Homogeneous mixture
• A homogeneous mixture, solution, is relatively uniform in
composition; every portion of the mixture is like every other portion.
• A solution is composed of a solute or the dissolved substance, and a
solvent or the dissolving medium.
• For example, in a sugar and water solution, sugar is the solute
dissolved in the solvent, which is the water. *
• Heterogeneous mixture
• A mixture whose composition varies from one position to another
within the sample is considered as heterogeneous. A heterogeneous
mixture can be either a suspension or a colloid.
 Heterogeneous mixture 33

A. Suspensions
• consist of coarse particles which are visible to the naked eye.
Its particles are unstable since they settle down after a short
period of time. Water with particles such as sand or flour and
muck are examples of suspension.
B. Colloids
• consist of a dispersed phase or the substance that is
dissolved or scattered and a dispersing medium or the
substance in which the dispersed phase is spread. The size
of the dispersed phase in a colloid is intermediate, in
between the sizes of particles of a suspension and a solution.
 Methods of Separating
34
Mixtures*
1. Filtration
2. Decantation
3. Centrifugation
4. Magnetic Separation
5. Evaporation
6. Sublimation
7. Distillation
8. Chromatography
 Filtration 35

• is a process of separating the

components of a suspension.
• An example of a mixture that can be
separated by means of filtration is a
sand and water solution.
• The solid particle (sand) can be strained
and the liquid (water) is allowed to pass
through the filter.
• The substance which remains in the
strainer is called residue, whereas the
liquid that passes through the strainer is
Decantation 36

• the solid particles are

allowed to settle first at the
bottom and later, the liquid
which is called supernatant
is poured into another
container leaving behind
the solid particle.
Centrifugation 37

• the mixture is poured into

a special tube in the
centrifuge apparatus, and
is allowed to spin using
centrifugal force.
• The spinning motion
forces the sediments to
settle at the bottom. The
liquid can then be poured
off from the solid
Magnetic Separation 38

• is the process of separating

elemental metals from
other particles in a mixture.
• This process makes use of
a magnet which exerts
magnetic force to attract
metallic particles and sets
them apart from a certain
mixture.
 Evaporation 39

• the process of converting liquid

to gas, is useful in sorting
mixtures such as salt solution.
• When this mixture is placed in
an evaporating dish and is
heated, the water will vaporize;
leaving the salt in the dish.
 Sublimation 40

• is a process of changing solid to

gas without passing through the
liquid state.
• When it is left at a certain
place, a change in its shape can
be observed that indicates it is
turning into a gas from its solid
state.
 Distillation 41
• is a process of separating a
homogeneous mixture composed of
two substances with different
boiling points.
• It is method that generally uses two
phase changes: evaporation and
condensation.
• Through evaporation and
condensation at different
temperatures, the two liquids are
collected one at a time.
 Chromatography 42

• is another method of separating complex mixtures.

• It has various methods that can be used in separating mixtures
such as paper chromatography, which makes use of an
adsorbent (filter paper or chromatogram paper).
• The separation depends upon the solubility of each component
in the solvent.
• For example, in the separation of each component of a water-based ink,
the dye which is very soluble in the solvent travels faster and moves up
the paper while the dye that is less soluble, travels slowly and is usually
at the lower part of the paper.
Summary
43
• 1. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies
space.
• 2. Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and
gas. The particles in solids are close together;
hence, they cannot be compressed. The particles
cannot move freely from place to place; and they
have a fixed shape. In liquids, particles are close
together but are not held so rigidly in position and
can move past one another; hence, they flow and
take the shape of their containers. The particles in
gases are far apart from each other and are
Summary
44
• 3. Matter is classified as pure substances (either
elements or compounds) or as mixtures (either
homogeneous or heterogeneous).
• 4. A pure substance has a definite composition and
distinct properties. It can be either an element,
(which is composed only of one kind of atom and
cannot be decomposed into a simpler substance by
ordinary chemical means) or a compound (which
contains two or more kinds of atoms combined
chemically in definite proportion by mass and can
be separated into simpler substances by chemical
Summary
45
• 5. Mixtures are composed of two or more
substances, combined physically in an indefinite
proportion. It can be a physical combination of
elements or compounds. The components retain
their properties and can be separated by physical
means. A homogeneous mixture, also called a
solution, is relatively uniform in composition; every
portion of the mixture is like every other portion. A
heterogeneous mixture is a mixture which
composition varies from one position to another
within a given sample.
Summary
46
• 6. Heterogeneous mixtures are further classified as
suspensions or colloids. Suspensions consist of
coarse particles visible to the naked eye. The
particles are unstable since they settle down after a
short period of time. On the other hand, colloids are
heterogeneous mixtures that consist of dispersed
phase, a substance which is dissolved or scattered,
and dispersing medium, a substance into which the
a dispersed phase is spread. The size of the
dispersed phase depends upon the sizes of particles
in a suspension and a solution. The particles of a
Summary
47

• 7. Colloids are classified based on the physical state

of the dispersed phase and the dispersing medium.
Aerosol is a colloidal suspension of particles
dispersed in gas. When solid particles are dispersed
in a liquid phase, it is called sol; however when
dispersed into another solid, it is called solid sol.
Emulsions are colloids made up of two liquids that
are immiscible and with small particles in it; while
gels are colloids of a liquid in a solid. Foam is gas
disbursed in a liquid or a solid.
Summary
48

• 8. The components of a mixture can be separated

through filtration, decantation, evaporation,
distillation, magnetic separation, melting,
sublimation, centrifugation, or chromatography.
• 9. The properties of matter can be classified as
physical (either intensive/intrinsic or
extensive/extrinsic property) or chemical.
Summary
49
• 10. A Physical property can be measured and
observed without changing the composition or
identity of a substance. It is further divided into
intensive and extensive physical properties.
Intensive physical property, also called intrinsic
property does not depend on the size or amount of
the sample. Extensive physical property, also called
extrinsic property, depends on the size or amount of
samples.
Summary
50

• 11. A chemical property is the ability of a substance

to react with other substances such as air, water,
acid, and base.
• 12. Matter undergoes changes-either physical or
chemical. Physical change occurs when only the
shape, size, and state of the substance change.
Chemical change occurs when a substance is
converted to a new substance.
Additional Resources: 51

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