Substitution Codes Changes
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Max PowerSubstitution Codes Changes
Uploaded by
Max PowerSubstitution Codes
By Sarah Bonnell
History of Codes
Throughout history, codes have been
used to hide or keep messages secret.
There are many different types of
codes that have been invented and
used, although lots have been broken
after a while.
A famous type of code that was used
and eventually broken, was the ENIGMA
CODE used by the German army during
the Second World War.
An Enigma Machine, used to generate
this code, can be seen on the next
slide.
This is an Enigma
Machine. It generates
codes by substituting each
letter typed for another.
However, the code is
made harder to break as
the same letter can be
substituted to any
random letter, unless the
machine is used in the
same setting as when the
message was first typed.
For example, A could
come out as C the first
time, and F the second.
Other Types of Codes
Not all codes are substitution codes. Codes can be broken by using
objects, like the Spartans did 2500 years ago. A long strip of any
material was used to wrap around a piece of wood. A message was
written, that could only be decoded by using exactly the same size
wood. This code was good, but it was eventually broken. One
example is shown below:
The code can only be broken when the
right size stick is used
There are many other types of codes that have been used
throughout history, and for many different purposes.
purposes
The Problem
The Problem we
were given was a
substitution code,
whereby we had a
number of symbols
which substituted
for each letter in
the alphabet. The
problem was, we
didn’t know what
symbol
corresponded to
what letter.
Our Method
When we saw the problem we
were given, we decided to try
A b c d e f gand see if it was written in
Wingdings, a coded font.
We typed out the Wingdings
h I j k l m n alphabet (left) and realised
that the symbols matched up.
o p q rs We deciphered the message,
which you can see on the next
slide.
t u v w x y z
The Solution
The message we deciphered was:
The Substitution Cipher was originated by Julius
Caesar, so it is said.
Julius Caesar was born in 100 BC, and was Emperor
of the Roma Empire.
He invaded France in about 55 BC, and used a lot of
codes to communicate with his generals.
The Caeser Cipher was the first substitution cipher to
be used for military purposes.
More Methods
Although it was easier for us to break the code because we
knew where to find the answer, we decided to try to use the
symbols as clues to breaking the code. When we first broke
the words “Julius Ceaser,” we could easily see the symbol
order of this name and see if it came up any more in the
symbolized text. As you could see from the solution slide, it
did.
Also, looking for symbols that occurred frequently in the
text, gave us a clue to what they might be. For example, a
symbol that appears on its own in a sentence is either an ‘a’
or an ‘I.’
Also, the numbers were not substituted, which helped us to
recognize the symbols behind them could either have been :
“AD” or “BC.”
Our
Second step
We became more interested and decided
to look at other challenges; Brailer and
Guesswork we found very easy.
Then we came across the Knapsack
challenge and found this an interesting
challenge . Here is what we came up with.
This seems
interesting.
How did we solve the
knapsack challenge?
Once we all went through
the challenge on our own, We had the following
we discussed what the best numbers to decode:
and easiest way would be to 33,18, 20, 1, 31, 20, 30,
decode the message.
31. We first worked
One member from our
group suggested the best out each number
way would be for some of using the sticks which
us to sit around the meant we had to see
computer solving the first
half while the others were what sticks add up to
writing the solution on make the number.
paper.
1cm 3cm 5cm 10cm 20cm
The solutions
Sousing the stick 1, 3 , 5, 10 and 20, we
thought that we should use 3, 10 and 20 to
make 33 so our binary code is 01011 because
we didn’t use 1or 5 which meant we had to use
0 to replace them with their number. We got
the number 1 because we used the sticks 3, 10
and 20 once. 01011 represents k in the chart
we was given. ( shown on the next page). So
went on using the same the method through
out task one and ended up with KNAPSACK.
LOOK UP TABLE TO DECODE THE
MESSAGE.
Binary
Letter Letter Binary Reference
Reference
a 00001 n 01110
b 00010 o 01111
c 00011 p 10000
d 00100 q 10001
e 00101 r 10010
f 00110 s 10011
g 00111 t 10100
h 01000 u 10101
i 01001 v 10110
j 01010 w 10111
k 01011 x 11000
l 01100 y 11001
m 01101 z 11010
PROBLEM 2
The next problem was using the same method to
decode the message but there was more than one
solution.
The sticks we were given were 1, 2, 3, 4,5. The numbers
we had to decode were 1, 5, 14 ,4 ,5, 8, 10, 5, 4 ,7,9. The
challenge was that there was more than one answer
which meant that some numbers had two different
ways of adding the sticks. Like for example; 2+3=5 and
so does 4+1=5 so this meant that there was more than
one binary code. So we all thought how the best way to
work out the problem was and some of us decoded the
message and some of us wrote all the different ways the
solution will be.
This is how we decoded the messages:
Method of working out the solution:
To decode the number 1 the binary code was:10000 which
is P.
To decode 5 the binary code is either 10010 or 01100 which
is either R or L.
To decode 14 the binary code is: 01111 which is O.
To decode 4 the binary code is either: 10100 or 00010
which is either T or B.
As you may have realized we went on using the same
technique and ended up with many possibilities some of
them didn’t make sense but the solution looked like the
word PROBLEM. Next we had to find the ending meaning
what ending fitted in with problem this was really
confusing at first but we soon realized that some endings
did not make sense like: RTI, RBI , ABIU. It took us quite
some time on the ending and we fitted each ending with
problem and the answer was:PROBLEMATIC which
made sense to us.
Can
you explain why super increasing series are so
much easier to decode?
Super increasing series are easier to decode
because there are many different possibilities to
make a word. We as a group found knapsack very
challenging especially problem 2 but we found it
really interesting to do. The most difficult part
was to find which one made sense and that was the
method.
While solving this KNAPSACK we really enjoying
the task it took us a lot of time but we enjoyed
each and every minute of the problem.
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