638025622515857463_1-Thermochemistry

Thermochemistry
AP Chemistry
Unit 5: Chapter 5
Energy
The ability to do work or transfer

heat.
Work: Energy used to cause an
object that has mass to move.
Heat: Energy used to cause the
temperature of an object to rise.
Potential Energy
Energy an object possesses by virtue of its

position or chemical composition.
Stored energy, attractions & repulsions in
chemical bonds, chemical potential energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy an object possesses by virtue of
its motion.
Mechanical energy
1
KE =  mv2
2
Units of Energy
The SI unit of energy is the joule (J)
kg·m2
1 J = 1 
s 2
An older, non-SI unit is still in widespread
use: The calorie (cal).
1 cal = 4.184 J
Transferal of Energy
a) The potential energy of this ball

of clay is increased when it is
moved from the ground to the
top of the wall.
a) The potential energy of this ball

of clay is increased when it is
moved from the ground to the
top of the wall.
b) As the ball falls, its potential
energy is converted to kinetic
energy.
a) The potential energy of this ball of

clay is increased when it is moved
from the ground to the top of the
wall.
b) As the ball falls, its potential energy
is converted to kinetic energy.
c) When it hits the ground, its kinetic
energy falls to zero (since it is no
longer moving); some of the energy
does work on the ball, the rest is
dissipated as heat.
Heat Capacity and Specific
Heat
Specific Heat
Molar Heat Capacity Capacity
The amount of We define specific
energy required to heat capacity (or
raise the simply specific heat)
temperature of a as the amount of
substance by 1 K energy required to
(1C) is its heat raise the
capacity. temperature of 1 g of
a substance by 1 K.
∆E for one mole to ∆T
∆E for 1 gram one degree
one degree Celsius or
Celsius or Kelvin
Kelvin.
SAMPLE EXERCISE 5.5 Relating Heat, Temperature Change, and Heat Capacity
(a) How much heat is needed to warm 250 g

of water (about 1 cup) from 22°C (about
room temperature) q =tomnear x c itsx T boiling point,
Solve: (a) The water undergoes a temperature change of
98°C? The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g-
T = 98ºC – 22ºC = 76ºC =76 K
K. (b) What is the molar heat capacity of
= (4.18 J/g-K)(250 g)(76 K) = 7.9  10 J4
water?
(b) The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity of one mole of substance. Using the
atomic weights of hydrogen and oxygen, we have
1 mol H2O = 18.0 g H2O
From the specific heat given in part (a), we have

System and Surroundings
The system includes

the molecules we
want to study (here,
the hydrogen and
oxygen molecules).
The surroundings
are everything else
(here, the cylinder
and piston).
Endothermic vs. Exothermic
Exchange of Heat between
When heat is absorbed by the system

from the surroundings, the process is
endothermic.
P
∆E Energy
absorbed
and stored
R
in
products.
Reaction progression
Exchange of Heat between
When heat is absorbed by the system from

the surroundings, the process is endothermic.
When heat is released by the system to the
surroundings, the process is exothermic.
R Energy
released to
surroundin
∆E
gs as heat
and light.
P
Reaction progression
Enthalpies of Reaction
The change in
enthalpy, H, is the
enthalpy of the
products minus the
enthalpy of the
reactants:
H = Hproducts −
Hreactants
Endothermicity and
Exothermicity
A process is
endothermic
when H is
positive.
A process is
exothermic
when H is
negative.
Enthalpies of Reaction
This quantity, H, is called the enthalpy of
reaction, or the heat of reaction. We can
only measure changes not content; cannot
measure all PE and KE in a substance.
Constant Pressure Calorimetry
By carrying out a
reaction in aqueous
solution in a simple
calorimeter such as
this one, one can
indirectly measure the
heat change for the
system by measuring
the heat change for
the water in the
calorimeter.
Bomb Calorimetry
Reactions can be
carried out in a
sealed “bomb,”
such as this one,
and measure the
heat absorbed by
the water.
Bomb Calorimetry
Because the volume

in the bomb
calorimeter is
constant, what is
measured is really
the change in
internal energy, E,
not H.
For most reactions,
the difference is
very small.
Heating curve for water/Change of State
T
Diagram

c

∆KE
m
T˚C
=
E = n x Hvap
q
∆PE

c
∆KE

m
T =
•Slopes are proportional to

q
specific heats
•Plateau sizes proportional
T
E= n x Hfus to Hfusion & Hvaporization

c
∆PE

∆KE
m
q=
Time
Calorimetry
Suppose a piece of iron (s = 0.448J/g·˚C)
with a mass of 21.5 g at a temperature of
100.0˚C is dropped into an insulated
container of water. The mass of the water
is 132 g and its temperature before adding
the iron is 20.0˚C. What will be the final
temperature of the system?
 Heat lost by Fe = heat gained by water

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Thermochemistry

The ability to do work or transfer

Energy an object possesses by virtue of its

a) The potential energy of this ball

a) The potential energy of this ball

a) The potential energy of this ball of

(a) How much heat is needed to warm 250 g

1 mol H2O = 18.0 g H2O

From the specific heat given in part (a), we have

The system includes

When heat is absorbed by the system

When heat is absorbed by the system from

Because the volume

•Slopes are proportional to

E= n x Hfus to Hfusion & Hvaporization

 Heat lost by Fe = heat gained by water

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