Anatomy Head

BONES OF THE HEAD
MLS MUSA IDRIS

INTRODUCTION
• The head is formed mainly by the skull with the brain and its covering
meninges enclosed in the cranial cavity. The special senses, the eye
and the ear, lie within the skull bones or in the cavities bounded by
them.
• The brain gives rise to 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which leave the brain
and pass through foramina and fissures in the skull
INTRODUCTION
• The skull is composed of several separate bones united at immobile
joints called sutures. The connective tissue between the bones is
called a sutural ligament. The mandible is an exception to this rule,
for it is united to the skull by the mobile temporomandibular joint.
• The bones of the skull can be divided into those of the cranium and
those of the face. The vault is the upper part of the cranium, and the
base of the skull is the lowest part of the cranium
THE CRANIUM
• The cranium consists of the following bones, two of which are paired
• Frontal bone: 1
• Parietal bones: 2
• Occipital bone: 1
• Temporal bones: 2
• Sphenoid bone: 1
• Ethmoid bone: 1
THE FACIAL BONES
• The facial bones consist of the following, two of which are single:
• Zygomatic bones: 2
• Maxillae: 2
• Nasal bones: 2
• Lacrimal bones: 2
• Vomer: 1
• Palatine bones: 2
• Inferior conchae: 2
• Mandible: 1
ANTERIOR VIEW OF THE SKULL
• The bones are usually flat and separated by suture lines, they articulate
with one another.
• The flat bones are made up of 3 layers.
• Outer thin layer of compact bone
• Middle spongy layer
• Inner layer of compact bone
BONES OF THE LATERAL ASPECT OF
THE SKULL
• Frontal bone forms the anterior view
• Parietal bone are the lateral bone that occupies most of the top of the
skull.
• Occipital bone is seen from behind
• Temporal bone is seen on the side
• The part of the temporal bone seen outside is the squamous layer
• Internally it forms a ridge and it is called the petrous part of the
temporal bone
• Gives attachment to the temporalis muscles.
• Sphenoid bone8
Forms the floor of the middle cranial fossa It has lateral wing that
extend outside
SUTURE LINES AND ITS IMPORTANCE
• CORONAL SUTURE
A transverse suture that lies anteriorly
Unite the two parietal bone and the frontal bone
• SAGGITAL SUTURE
A midline suture that unite the two parietal bone, it runs from front to
back.
• LAMBDOID SUTURE
A short transverse suture
Separate the occipital bone from the two parietal bone.
• BREGMA
A midline point of union between the two parietal bone and the frontal
bone.
It represent the anterior fontanelle
It is fused in adult but it is present in children less than 24 month.
It appear as a diamond shaped depression
In cases of intracranial pressure during conditions such as meningitis,
intracranial pressure(e.g following a fall) leads to bulging of anterior
fontanelle.
In cases of dehydration the anterior fontanelle becomes sunken
• Lamda
Midline point of union between the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture
Less significant cause it closes around 2-6 month after birth. Represent
the posterior fontanelle
THE CRANIAL CAVITY
• The cranial cavity contains the brain and its surrounding meninges,
portions of the cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses.
• Vault of the Skull The internal surface of the vault shows the coronal,
sagittal, and lambdoid sutures. In the midline is a shallow sagittal
groove that lodges the superior sagittal sinus. On each side of the
groove are several small pits, called granular pits, which lodge the
lateral lacunae and arachnoid granulations. Several narrow grooves are
present for the anterior and posterior divisions of the middle
meningeal vessels as they pass up the side of the skull to the vault.
BASE OF THE SKULL
• The interior of the base of the skull is divided into three cranial
fossae: anterior, middle, and posterior. The anterior cranial fossa is
separated from the middle cranial fossa by the lesser wing of the
sphenoid, and the middle cranial fossa is separated from the posterior
cranial fossa by the petrous part of the temporal bone
INTERNAL SURFACE OF THE BASE OF THE SKULL.
INTERNAL FEATURE OF THE SKULL
Anterior cranial fossa
• The anterior cranial fossa lodges the frontal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. It is
bounded anteriorly by the inner surface of the frontal bone, and in the midline is a
crest for the attachment of the falx cerebri.
Middle Cranial Fossa
• The middle cranial fossa consists of a small median part and expanded lateral parts.
The median raised part is formed by the body of the sphenoid, and the expanded
lateral parts form concavities on either side, which lodge the temporal lobes of the
cerebral hemispheres.
Posterior Cranial Fossa
• The posterior cranial fossa is deep and lodges the parts of the hindbrain, namely,
the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata.
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
• The brain is that part of the central nervous system that lies inside the
cranial cavity. It is continuous with the spinal cord through the foramen
magnum.
CEREBRUM
• The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and consists of two cerebral
hemispheres connected by a mass of white matter called the corpus
callosum . Each hemisphere extends from the frontal to the occipital bones;
above the anterior and middle cranial fossae; and, posteriorly, above the
tentorium cerebelli. The hemispheres are separated by a deep cleft, the
longitudinal fissure, into which projects the falx cerebri. The surface layer of
each hemisphere is called the cortex and is composed of gray matter.
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
Diencephalon
• The diencephalon is almost completely hidden from the surface of the
brain. It consists of a dorsal thalamus and a ventra hypothalamus. The
thalamus is a large mass of gray matter that lies on either side of the
third ventricle. It is the great relay station on the afferent sensory
pathway to the cerebral cortex.
• The hypothalamus forms the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of
the third ventricle. The following structures are found in the floor of the
third ventricle from before backward: the optic chiasma , the tuber
cinereum and the infundibulum, the, and the posterior perforated
substance.
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
Midbrain
• The midbrain is the narrow part of the brain that passes through the
tentorial notch and connects the forebrain to the hindbrain
• The midbrain comprises two lateral halves called the cerebral
peduncles; each of these is divided into an anterior part, the crus
cerebri; and a posterior part, the tegmentum, by a pigmented band of
gray matter, the substantia nigra.
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
• Sagittal section of the head and neck

PARTS OF THE BRAIN
• Hindbrain
• The pons is situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum below
the midbrain and above the medulla oblongata. It is composed mainly
of nerve fibers, which connect the two halves of the cerebellum. It
also contains ascending and descending fibers connecting the
forebrain, the midbrain, and the spinal cord. Some of the nerve cells
within the pons serve as relay stations, whereas others form cranial
nerve nuclei.
The Cranial Nerves
The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are named as follows:
• I. Olfactory (sensory)
• II. Optic (sensory)
• III. Oculomotor (motor)
• IV. Trochlear (motor)
• V. Trigeminal (mixed)
• VI. Abducent (motor)
• VII. Facial (mixed)
• VIII. Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
• IX. Glossopharyngeal (mixed)
• X. Vagus (mixed)
• XI. Accessory (motor)
• XII. Hypoglossal (motor
THE SCALP
Structure
• The scalp consists of five layers, the first three of which are intimately bound together and
move as a unit . To assist one in memorizing the names of the five layers of the scalp, use each
letter of the word SCALP to denote the layer of the scalp.
• Skin, which is thick and hair bearing and contains numerous sebaceous glands
• Connective tissue beneath the skin, which is fibrofatty, the fibrous septa uniting the skin to the
underlying aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle. Numerous arteries and veins are found
in this layer. The arteries are branches of the external and internal carotid arteries, and a free
anastomosis takes place between them.
• Aponeurosis (epicranial), which is a thin, tendinous sheet that unites the occipital and frontal
bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle. The lateral margins of the aponeurosis are attached to the
temporal fascia. The subaponeurotic space is the potential space beneath the epicranial
aponeurosis. It is limited in front and behind by the origins of the occipitofrontalis muscle, and
it extends laterally as far as the attachment of the aponeurosis to the temporal fascia
THE SCALP
• Loose areolar tissue, which occupies the subaponeurotic space and
loosely connects the epicranial aponeurosis to the periosteum of the
skull (the pericranium). The areolar tissue contains a few small arteries,
but it also contains some important emissary veins. The emissary veins
are valveless and connect the superficial veins of the scalp with the
diploic veins of the skull bones and with the intracranial venous sinuses.
• Pericranium, which is the periosteum covering the outer surface of the
skull bones. It is important to remember that at the sutures between
individual skull bones, the periosteum on the outer surface of the
bones becomes continuous with the periosteum on the inner surface of
the skull bones.
THE SCALP

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BONES OF THE HEAD

MLS MUSA IDRIS

• Sagittal section of the head and neck

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