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    UNIT-4

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    Ravi 1 91 8 9 Teja

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    UNIT-4

    Uploaded by

    Ravi 1 91 8 9 Teja
    5 views15 pages

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    5 views15 pages

    UNIT-4

    Uploaded by

    Ravi 1 91 8 9 Teja

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    UNIT-4

    Illumination model
    Illumination model, also known as Shading
    model or Lightning model, is used to calculate
    the intensity of light that is reflected at a
    given point on surface.
    There are three factors on which lightning
    effect depends on:
    Light Source :
    Light source is the light emitting source. There
    are three types of light sources:
    Point Sources – The source that emit rays in
    all directions (A bulb in a room).
    Parallel Sources – Can be considered as a
    point source which is far from the surface (The
    sun).
    Distributed Sources – Rays originate from a
    finite area (A tubelight).
    Their position, electromagnetic spectrum and
    shape determine the lightning effect.
    Surface :
    When light falls on a surface part of it is
    reflected and part of it is absorbed. Now the
    surface structure decides the amount of
    reflection and absorption of light. The position
    of the surface and positions of all the nearby
    surfaces also determine the lightning effect.
    Observer :
    The observer’s position and sensor spectrum
    sensitivities also affect the lightning effect.
     Ambient Illumination :
    Assume you are standing on a road, facing a
    building with glass exterior and sun rays are
    falling on that building reflecting back from it and
    the falling on the object under observation. This
    would be Ambient Illumination. In simple
    words, Ambient Illumination is the one where
    source of light is indirect.
     The reflected intensity Iamb of any point on the
    surface is:
     Diffuse Reflection :
    Diffuse reflection occurs on the surfaces which are
    rough or grainy. In this reflection the brightness of
    a point depends upon the angle made by the light
    source and the surface.
     The reflected intensity Idiff of a point on the surface
    is:
     Specular Reflection :
    When light falls on any shiny or glossy surface
    most of it is reflected back, such reflection is
    known as Specular Reflection.
    Phong Model is an empirical model for Specular
    Reflection which provides us with the formula for
    calculation the reflected intensity Ispec:
    Polygon rendering
    Polygon rendering of a graphical object is
    the providing proper intensity at each point
    so that it looks like real object.
    Different polygon rendering methods in
    computer graphics:
    Constant Intensity Shading
    Gouraud Shading
    Phong Shading
    Flat Shading (per polygon)
    This is the most simple and efficient way to
    specify color for an object. It defines a
    single color for a face. Implementations of
    it may vary, but the main idea is that we
    use only one surface normal per polygon.
    The color itself is uniform (unchanging) on
    that polygon
    Gouraud shading
    This Intensity-Interpolation scheme,
    developed by Gouraud and usually referred
    to as Gouraud Shading, renders a polygon
    surface by linear interpolating intensity
    value across the surface. Intensity values
    for each polygon are coordinate with the
    value of adjacent polygons along the
    common edges, thus eliminating the
    intensity discontinuities that can occur in
    flat shading.
    Each polygon surface is rendered with
    Gouraud Shading by performing the
    following calculations:
    Determining the average unit normal vector
    at each polygon vertex.
    Apply an illumination model to each vertex to
    determine the vertex intensity.
    Linear interpolate the vertex intensities over
    the surface of the polygon.
    At each polygon vertex, we obtain a normal
    vector by averaging the surface normals of
    all polygons staring that vertex as shown in
    fig:
    Thus, for any vertex position V, we acquire
    the unit vertex normal with the calculation

    Once we have the vertex normals, we can


    determine the intensity at the vertices from
    a lighting model.

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