System Analysis and

Design

Introduction to System
Analysis and Design

-
 The Impact of Information
Technology
 Information Technology
 Combination of hardware and software
products and services that companies
use to manage, access, communicate,
and share information

System Analysis and Design

Avicenna Introduction to SAD
 The Impact of Information
Technology

 What is Systems Analysis and Design (SAD)?


Systems Analysis: understanding and specifying in
detail what an information system should do
 System Design: specifying in detail how the parts of an
information system should be implemented

System Analysis and Design

Avicenna Introduction to SAD
 Systems Analyst
 is a key person analyzing business, depending on
organization function, requirements, identifying
opportunities for improvement, solving problems,
and designing information systems to implement
these ideas.

System Analysis and Design

Avicenna Introduction to SAD
 The Impact of Information
Technology
 Who develops Information Systems?
 Before taking the decision to build In-house applications or
purchased systems from outside vendors or both, the
organization must determine what the system is supposed to
do.
 A company must begin to outlining its business needs and
possible IT solutions, then it can consider the implementation
options.
 The choice is not easy because there are many options

include
 Internet-based application services
 Outsourcing
 Custom solutions
 Enterprise-wide software strategies
 Characteristics of Systems

 A system is a set of related

components that produces specific
results.
 For example, specialized systems
route Internet traffic, manufacture
microchips, and control complex
entities like the Mars Rover
 An information system has five key
components
Information System Components
Understanding The Business
 Every business has its operations, rules and
constraints. IT professionals must understand
business operations to create successful systems.
 For example a retail store, an internet auction,
library, and hotel chain, have unique information
system requirements. Even with the same
business each company has its own rules,
requirements, and constraint.
 System analysts use a process called business
process modeling to represent a company's
operation and information needs. To do that the
analyst needs.
 Business Profile
 Business Models
 Understanding The Business
 Business Profile
 Is an overview that describes the company's
overall functions, process, organization,
services, customers, suppliers, competitors,
constraints, rules, and future directions.
 Understanding The Business
 Business Models
 Business models make it easier for managers and system
analysts to understand day-to-day business operation
 Is a graphical representation of one or more business
processes that a company performs.

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 New Companies

 Traditionally, IT companies were identified as

product-oriented or service-oriented.
 Product-oriented firms manufactured computers,
routers, or the where as service-oriented
companies included vendors, software
developers, and service providers.
 Most successful IT companies offer a mix of
products, services, and support. Value-added
services such as consulting, financing, and
technical support can be more profitable than
hardware.
 Impact of the Internet
 Internet-based commerce is called e-commerce
(electronic commerce) or I-commerce (Internet
commerce).
 E-commerce includes two main sectors: B2C
(business-to-consumer) and B2B (business-to-
business).
 B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
 Using the Internet, consumers can go online to
purchase an enormous variety of products and
services.
 This new shopping environment allows customers
to do research, compare prices and features,
check availability, arrange delivery, and choose
payment methods in a single convenient session
 B2C commerce is changing traditional business
models and creating new ones.
 For example, a common business model is a retail
store that sells a product to a customer. To carry
out that same transaction on the Internet, the
company must develop an online store and deal
with a totally different set of marketing,
advertising, and profitability issues.
 B2B (Business-to-Business)
 Although the business-to-consumer (B2C) sector
is more familiar to retail customers, the volume of
business-to-business (B2B) transactions is many
times greater. Industry observers predict that B2B
sales will increase sharply as more firms seek to
improve efficiency and reduce costs.
 It allows companies to reach the global
marketplace, B2B is especially important to
smaller suppliers and customers who need
instant information about market prices and
availability
 Business Information Systems
 Today, it makes more sense to identify a system
by its functions, rather than by users, because
the technology and new modern companies,
users need more functions to be more flexible
and to do their jobs more efficient.
 Enterprise computing systems
 Refers to information systems that support company
wide operations and data management requirement.
 The main objective is to integrated company's primary
functions ( production, sales, services, inventory control,
accounting ).
 Enterprise computing systems improves efficiency,
reduce costs, help managers make decisions, improve
data security, reliability, data redundancy, by imposing
company wide framework for data access and storage.
 Enterprise computing systems examples
 American airlines’ reservation system
 How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Enterprise computing
systems
 Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP)
 In many large companies, applications called
enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems provide
cost effective support for users and managers
throughout the company
 ERP systems are computer-based systems aimed at
meeting this need that enable the management of all
of a firm’s resources on an organization-wide basis
 Business Information Systems
 Transaction processing systems (TP)
 An information system that captures and processes data
about business transactions.
 The software also transforms the data into information for
the firm’s managers and other individuals in the firm’s
environment
 TP systems perform a series of tasks whenever a specific
transaction occurs.
 TP systems typically involve large amount of data and are
mission-critical systems, because the enterprise cannot
function without them
 an example of TP system include
 customer order processing
 accounts receivable
 warranty claim processing.
 How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Business support systems
 Provide job related information support to users at all
levels.
 These systems can analyze transactional data, generate
information needed to manage and control business
processes.
 Business support systems was called Management
Information Systems ( MIS ), because these systems
were manager oriented, now-a days all users need
information to perform their job.
 An important feature of business support system is
decision support capability, by creating computer model
and applying a set of variables
 Business support systems helps users to take suitable
decisions, so it can answer ( what if ) questions.
How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Knowledge management systems
( Expert Systems )
 A knowledge base consist of a large Data
Base that allow users to find information by
entering keywords or questions in normal
languages.
 A knowledge management system uses
inference rules, which are logical rules that
identify data patterns and relationship.
How Business Uses Information
Systems
 User productivity systems
 Technology that improves productivity
 Word processing, e-mail, voice mail, fax, video
conferencing, and database management, are
some examples of user productivity systems
 User productivity systems also include
groupware
 Group ware programs run on a company

intranet that enable users to share data,

collaborate on projects, and work in teams.
How Business Uses Information
Systems
 Information systems integration
 Most large companies require systems
that combine transaction processing,
business support, knowledge
management, and user productivity
features. Thus as analyst, you will likely
employ specific methodologies,
techniques, and tools to build the
specific system.
 Evaluating software

 Define Requirements and find solutions

 Scalability, Ease of use, convenience for
business, vendor reputation, Cost, ROI,
etc.
 After these criteria, make some informed
decision of whether to buy or make in-
house.
 Make or Buy Decision

 The choice between developing versus

purchasing software often is called a make
or buy, or build or buy decision.
 The company’s IT department makes, builds,
and develops in-house software.
 A software package is obtained from a
vendor or application service provider.
 The choice depends on requirements
and available circumstances
Make or Buy Decision