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Introduction to Machine Learning

introduction to machine learning

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Suleman Ktk
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3 views

Introduction to Machine Learning

introduction to machine learning

Uploaded by

Suleman Ktk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Machine Learning?

• Machine Learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI)


• gives computers the ability to learn and make decisions
• without being explicitly programmed for every specific task.
• Instead of relying on hard-coded rules,
• machine learning systems are trained on data and learn patterns,
relationships, and trends, use to make predictions or decisions.
• The key idea behind machine learning is that systems can
automatically improve
• through experience, without human intervention.
Why Machine Learning?

In today’s data-driven world, machine learning is crucial for solving complex


problems that are difficult or impossible to address with traditional
programming. Some of the key reasons to use machine learning include:
 Handling Large Datasets: ML algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data
much faster than humans.
 Pattern Recognition: ML can uncover hidden patterns and trends in data.
 Automation: ML models can automate decision-making processes and
improve productivity.
• Adaptability: Machine learning models can adapt to new data over time,
improving their accuracy and effectiveness.
Types of Machine Learning:
1. Supervised Learning:
o In supervised learning, the algorithm learns from labeled data. This means each
example in the training set is paired with the correct output (label). The goal is to learn a
mapping from inputs to outputs that can be used to predict unseen data.
o Examples:
 Classification: Predicting discrete labels (e.g., spam detection, image classification).
 Regression: Predicting continuous values (e.g., house price prediction).
o Example: Training an email filtering system to classify emails as "spam" or "not spam"
based on a dataset of labeled emails.
2. Unsupervised Learning:
o In unsupervised learning, the algorithm works with unlabeled data. The goal is to find
hidden structures or patterns in the data.
o Examples:
 Clustering: Grouping similar items together (e.g., customer segmentation).
 Association: Discovering relationships between variables (e.g., market basket
analysis).
o Example: Grouping customers with similar purchasing behavior without predefined
Types of Machine Learning:
3. Reinforcement Learning:
o Reinforcement learning involves an agent interacting with an environment
and learning by receiving feedback in the form of rewards or penalties.
The agent makes decisions to maximize long-term rewards.
o Example: Training a robot to navigate a maze by rewarding it when it
moves closer to the goal and penalizing it when it makes a wrong move.
4. Semi-Supervised Learning:
o Combines both labeled and unlabeled data. Often, labeled data is scarce
and expensive, so algorithms are designed to make use of large amounts
of unlabeled data with only a few labeled examples.
o Example: Image recognition tasks where only a small portion of the
dataset is labeled.
How Machine Learning Works:
1. Data Collection:
1. Gather and prepare the data. This includes obtaining labeled data for
supervised learning tasks and ensuring it is clean, accurate, and
representative.
2. Feature Selection and Preprocessing:
1. Feature selection involves identifying the most relevant data points
(features) that will help the model learn.
2. Preprocessing involves cleaning and transforming the data into a
format that the algorithm can use (e.g., handling missing values,
normalizing numerical features).
3. Model Selection:
1. Choose a machine learning algorithm based on the type of problem
(classification, regression, clustering, etc.). Common algorithms include
How Machine Learning Works:
4. Training:
o The model is trained on the training dataset. During training, the model
learns the relationships between input features and the desired output by
minimizing the error in predictions (loss function).
5. Evaluation:
o After training, the model is tested on unseen data (test set) to evaluate its
performance. Common evaluation metrics include accuracy, precision,
recall, and F1 score.
6. Prediction:
o Once trained and evaluated, the model can be used to make predictions
on new, unseen data.
7. Model Improvement:
• Based on evaluation results, the model can be fine-tuned, retrained on more
data, or adjusted to improve performance.
Challenges in Machine Learning:

1. Data Quality:
1. High-quality data is crucial for the success of machine learning models. Poor data
quality (e.g., missing or noisy data) can significantly affect the model's
performance.
2. Overfitting and Underfitting:
1. Overfitting occurs when a model learns too much from the training data and
fails to generalize to new data.
2. Underfitting happens when a model is too simple and fails to capture the
complexity of the data.
3. Model Interpretability:
1. Complex models (e.g., deep neural networks) can be difficult to interpret, which
is a challenge for applications where understanding how the model makes
decisions is important (e.g., healthcare, finance).
4. Bias and Fairness:
o Machine learning models can inherit biases from the training data, which can lead
to unfair outcomes, especially in sensitive applications like hiring or loan

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