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Introduction to
Human Rights
Human rights are the fundamental freedoms and
entitlements that belong to every person, regardless
of their nationality, gender, race, or other status.
They represent the core values of dignity, equality,
and justice that all humans should be able to enjoy.
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by sayeda Areesha
The Significance and Definition
of Human Rights
1 Universal and 2 Interdependent 3 Legally Binding

Inalienable and Indivisible
Human rights are
Human rights are The fulfillment of codified in
inherent to all one right is often international laws
people and dependent on the and treaties that
cannot be taken fulfillment of countries are
away or given up. others. obligated to
uphold.
Key Challenges and
Controversies in Human Rights
Conflicting Priorities Cultural Relativism Enforcement
Challenges
Balancing national Differing cultural
security interests norms and traditions Holding states
with individual can lead to debates accountable for
liberties can be a over the universality human rights
constant challenge. of human rights. violations can be
difficult without
strong international
cooperation.
Human Rights and Politics
Definition and Scope:

Human Rights: These are fundamental rights and freedoms that all individuals
to regardless of nationality, race, gender, nationality, or any other status. They
include civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.
Politics: The activities associated with the governance of a country or area,
especially the debate between parties having power .
Some politicians and governments may prioritize human rights, while others may
neglect or violate them. Political decisions can impact access to education,
healthcare, and freedom of speech, which are all essential human rights.
Human Rights and Globalization
• Globalization refers to the increasing connection and interdependence of the world's economies, societies, and
cultures. While globalization can bring benefits like economic growth and cultural exchange, it can also lead to
human rights issues like:
 Workers in poor countries
 Environmental degradation
 Cultural homogenization
• Human rights advocates work to ensure that globalization is done in a way that respects and promotes human
rights for all.
• Economic Impact
• Social and Cultural Exchange
Human Rights in America
• The United States has a complex history with human rights. On

one hand, the country has been a leader in promoting human
rights globally and has made significant progress in areas like
civil rights and women's rights.
• On the other hand, the US has a strong legal framework to
protect rights, such as the Constitution and the Bill of Rights,
ensuring freedoms like speech, religion, and due process. While
the U.S. plays a significant role in promoting human rights
globally, it continues to address its own domestic issues to fully
uphold human rights for all its citizens.
Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
in International Relations
The promotion and protection of human rights is a key purpose and guiding
principle of the United Nations.
UN Charter calls for the encouragement of respect for human rights.
2005 World Summit Outcome states human rights should be integrated into
national policies and mainstreamed throughout the UN system.
International Mechanisms
UN Human Rights Council and Sub-Commission help supervise human

rights treaties.
Regional organizations like Council of Europe, EU, OSCE, OAS, AU
perform functions at regional level.
NGOs monitor governments’ human rights obligations and issue reports.
• International adjudication of human rights violations has made progress.
European Union
Ensures fundamental rights are taken into account in EU law and
action.
Promotes human rights in external relations.
All EU treaties and agreements must be compliant with human
rights.
• Has a global human rights sanctions regime to target
individuals responsible for serious abuses.
State Obligations
By ratifying treaties, states assume obligations to respect,

protect and fulfill human rights.
• Where domestic proceedings fail, regional and
international mechanisms help ensure local
implementation.

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Introduction to

1 Universal and 2 Interdependent 3 Legally Binding

Definition and Scope:

• The United States has a complex history with human rights. On

UN Human Rights Council and Sub-Commission help supervise human

By ratifying treaties, states assume obligations to respect,

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