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    The History of the Atom

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    Ankur

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    The History of the Atom

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    Ankur
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    2 views10 pages

    The History of the Atom

    Uploaded by

    Ankur

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The History of the Atom

    From Democritus' 'Atomos' to the Quantum Mechanical


    Model, let’s discover how our understanding of atoms
    evolved.
    AD
    by Ankur Dhanuka
    What is an Atom?
    Smallest unit of matter that makes up everything Atoms are super tiny but everywhere. One
    around us. teaspoon of water has about 600 billion trillion
    atoms — that’s more than the number of stars in
    Parts of an Atom:
    the observable universe.
    • Protons (+) in the nucleus
    • Neutrons (0) in the nucleus
    • Electrons (−) in orbitals around the nucleus
    Ancient Philosophical
    Beginnings (400 BCE)
    Democritus: Limitation:
    - Matter is made up of No experimental
    indivisible particles
    called 'atomos'. evidence.
    - Atoms are solid,
    indestructible, and
    varied in size/shape.

    Opposition:
    - Rejected by Aristotle in favor of the '4 Elements' theory.
    - Believed matter was composed of four elements (earth,
    water, fire, air).
    Revival of Atomic Theory (17th Century)
    Key Figure: Concept: Impact:

    Robert Boyle (1627-1691) - Matter is made of tiny, Laid the groundwork for the
    indivisible 'corpuscles' (similar
    to atoms). modern scientific method.
    - Rejected Aristotle's 4-element
    theory.
    - Emphasized experimentation
    and observation.
    John Dalton: 1st Scientific Atomic Theory

    1 2 3

    All matter is made of atoms. Atoms of the same element Atoms of different elements
    are identical. are different.

    4 5

    Atoms combine in whole-number ratios to form Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or divided.
    compounds.

    Impact: First scientific approach to atomic theory.

    Limitations:
    -Dalton believed atoms were indivisible, but
    -later discoveries showed that atoms have internal structure (protons, neutrons, and electrons).
    J.J. Thomson: Discovery of Electrons

    Experiment: Discovery: Model:

    Cathode Ray Tube Electrons are negatively charged Plum Pudding Model — Electrons
    particles. (raisins) embedded in a positively
    charged 'pudding'.

    Significance: First discovery of a subatomic particle.


    Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment
    Experiment:

    Fired alpha particles at gold foil.

    Discovery:
    - Most particles passed through, but some deflected.
    - Atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus.

    Model:

    Nuclear Model — Electrons orbit the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun.
    Niels Bohr: Electron Orbits & Energy Levels

    Problem:
    1 Why don't electrons spiral into the nucleus?

    Solution:
    2
    Electrons orbit in fixed energy levels (like stairs).

    When electrons 'jump' to a lower energy level,


    3 they emit light.

    Model:
    4
    Bohr Model — Energy levels (shells) around the nucleus.
    James Chadwick: Discovery of Neutrons

    Problem:
    1
    Atoms weighed more than expected.

    Solution:
    2
    Chadwick discovered neutrons, neutral particles in the nucleus.

    Significance:
    3
    Explained the missing mass of atoms.
    Schrödinger & Heisenberg: The Quantum
    Model
    Concept: Heisenberg’s Impact:
    Uncertainty Principle:
    - Electrons exist in 'clouds' Most accurate model of the
    (probability regions) called
    Can't know both the position atom, still used today.
    orbitals.
    and velocity of an electron.
    - No fixed orbits like Bohr’s
    model.

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