Angular_Kinetics

Angular Kinetics of
Human Movement
Dr Abdullah
Resistance to Angular Acceleration
Moment of Inertia
Resistance to linear acceleration
Mass
Resistance to angular acceleration
Mass
Distribution of mass with respect to axis of
rotation
I = mr2
Inertia is a body’s tendency to resist
acceleration.
Although inertia itself is a concept rather than a
quantity that can be measured in units, a body’s
inertia is directly proportional to its mass.
Moment of inertia: Inertial property for
rotating bodies representing resistance to
angular acceleration; based on both mass and
the distance the mass is distributing from the
axis of rotation
According to Newton’s second law, the greater a
body’s mass, the greater its resistance to
linear acceleration.
Therefore, mass is a body’s inertial characteristic
for considerations relative to linear motion.
Resistance to angular acceleration
is also a function of a body’s mass.
The greater the mass, the greater the
resistance to angular acceleration.
However, the relative ease or
difficulty of initiating or halting
angular motion depends on an
additional factor: the distribution of
mass with respect to the axis or
rotation
In this formula, m is the particle’s mass
and r is the particle’s radius of rotation.
The moment of inertia of an entire body
is the sum of the moments of inertia of
all the mass particles the object contain.
The distribution of mass with respect to
the axis of rotation is more important
than the total amount of body mass in
determining resistance to angular
acceleration, because r is squared
Assessing moment of inertia for a body
with respect to an axis by measuring the
distance of each particle of body mass
from an axis or rotation and then
applying the formula is obviously
impractical.
In practice, mathematical procedures
are used to calculate moment of inertia
for bodies of regular geometric shapes
and known dimensions.
Because the human body is composed of
segments that are of irregular shapes
and heterogeneous mass distributions=
approximate moment of inertia values
for individual body segments and for the
body as a whole in different positions.
Determining Moment of
Inertia
I = mk2
Radius of gyration:
Not the same as the segmental CG
Length changes as the axis of rotation changes
Units of moment of inertia consist of mass
multiplied by units of length squared ( kg•m2)
Once moment of inertia for a body of
known mass has been assessed, the
value may be characterized using the
following formula:
In this formula, I is moment of inertia
with respect to an axis, m is total
body mass, and k is a distance known
as the radius of gyration.
Radius of gyration: distance form
the axis of rotation to a point where
the body’s mass could be
concentrated without altering its
rotational characteristics
Human Body
Moment of Inertia
In saggital and frontal plane motion
Axis passing through center of proximal joint
Human body as a whole
Rotates free of support, around 1 of 3 principle
axes
 Transverse (frontal)
 Anteroposterior (sagittal)
 Longitudinal (vertical)
Principal moment of inertia

Moment of inertia can only be defined
with respect to a specific axis of
rotation.
Moment of inertia with respect to one
of these axes is known as a principal
moment of inertia.
Principal moment of inertia: total
body moment of inertia relative to one
of the principal axes
Angular Momentum
Angular momentum:
For linear motion: M = mv
For angular motion: H=I
Or: H = mk2 
Factors that affect angular momentum
Mass (m), distribution of mass with respect to
the axis of rotation (k) , angular velocity of
the body ()
Since moment of inertia is the inertial
property for rotational movement, it is an
important component of other angular kinetic
quantities.
Angular momentum: quantity of angular
motion possessed by a body; measured as the
product of moment of inertia and angular
velocity
Linear momentum is the product of the linear
inertial property (mass ) linear velocity.
Angular momentum, represented as H, is the
product of the angular inertial property
(moment of inertia) and angular velocity.
Conservation of
Angular Momentum
The total angular momentum of

a given system remains
constant in the absence of
external torques
Whenever gravity is the only acting external
force, angular momentum is conserved.
Gravitational force acting at a body’s CG
produces no torque because d equal 0 and
therefore it creates no change in angular
momentum.
The magnitude and direction of the angular
momentum vector for an airborne performer are
established at the instant of takeoff.
Because angular momentum remains constant, a
compensatory increase in angular velocity must
accompany the decease in moment of inertia.
The tighter a diver’s tuck, the greater the angular
velocity.
Transfer

of Angular Momentum
Transferring angular velocity
Changing total body axis of rotation
Asymmetrical arm movements
Rotation of the hips (termed hula movement)
Although angular momentum remains
constant in the absence of external
torques, transferring angular velocity at
least partially from one principal axis of
rotation to another is possible.
An airborne performer’s angular
velocity vector does not necessarily
occur in the same direction as the
angular momentum vector.
It is possible for a body’s somersaulting
angular momentum and its twisting
angular momentum to be altered in
midair, though the vector sum of two
(the total angular momentum) remains
constant in magnitude and direction.
Researchers have observed several
procedures for changing the total body axis of
rotation.
Asymmetrical arm movements
Rotation of the hips (termed hula movement)
These asymmetrical movements can be used to
generate twist and to eliminate twist.
It is easier to initiate rotation about the
longitudinal principal axis than about either
the transverse or the Anteroposterior principal
axes, because total body Momentum of inertia
with respect to the longitudinal axis is much
smaller than the body moments of inertia with
respect to the other two axes.
Change in Angular
Momentum
Depends not only on the magnitude and
direction, but also on the length of time
Linear impulse = Ft
Angular impulse = Tt
Impulse-momentum relationship:
Tt = H
Tt = I 
Tt = (I)2 - (I)1
When an external torque does act, it changes
the amount of angular momentum present in a
system predictably.
Changes in angular momentum depend not
only on the magnitude and direction of acting
external torques but also on the length of the
time interval over which each torque acts.
The impulse-momentum relationship for
angular quantities may be expressed as the
following:
The symbols T, t, H, I, and  represent torque,
time, angular momentum, moment of inertia,
and angular velocity respectively, and
subscripts 1 and 2 denote initial and second of
final points in time.
Transfer of Momentum
Part to whole
Whole to part
Angular Analogues of
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law:
A rotating body will maintain a
state of constant rotational motion
unless acted on by an external
torque.
Newton’s Second Law:
A net torque produces angular
acceleration of a body that is
directly proportional to the
magnitude of the torque, in the
same direction as the torque, and
inversely proportional to the body’s
moment of inertia.
Newton’s Third Law:
For every torque exerted by one
body on another, there is an equal
and opposite torque exerted by the
second body on the first.
When a baseball player forcefully swings
a bat, rotating the mass of the upper
body, a torque is created around the
player’s longitudinal axis.
If the batter’s feet are not firmly planted,
the lower body tends to rotate around the
longitudinal axis in the opposite direction.
Feet usually are planted, the torque
generated by the upper body is
translated to the ground, where the earth
generates a torque of equal magnitude
and opposite direction on the cleats of
the batter’s shoes.
Centripetal Force
Centripetal force:
Fc = mv2 / r
Fc = mr 2
In the formula, Fc is centripetal force, m is
mass, v is the tangential linear velocity of
the rotating body at a given point in time,
and r is the radius of rotation.
Bodies undergoing rotary motion around a fixed
axis are also subject to a linear force.
Centripetal force: force directed toward the
center of rotation for a body in rotational motion.
Center-seeking force
Centripetal force may also be define in terms of
angular velocity:
As is evident from both equations, the speed of
rotation is the most influential factor on the
magnitude of centripetal force, because
centripetal force is proportional to the square of
velocity or angular velocity.
Banked tracks require less friction than flat
tracks.
In running on a flat track around a turn, the
runner must lean inward to create centripetal
force. This detracts from the potential
backward force and costs the runner some
speed. The tighter the turn, the less efficient
the forward accelerating force. Runners can
run more mechanically effectively in the
outside lane; however, they usually choose the
inside lane so they can see their competition.
Banked tracks are more mechanically efficient
than flat tracks.
The End

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Angular Kinetics of

Principal moment of inertia

The total angular momentum of

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