Operating System

History And Goals

{ Prepared By:-
FAKHRA MUNAWAR
A program that act as interface
between the software and computer
hardware.

 System softwares that controls

and monitors the execution of all
other programs that resides in the
computer, including application
programs and other system
software

Operating System
  The first operating system was created
by General Moters in 1956 to run a
single IBM central computer

 IBM was first manufacturer

 At that time computer could run only one

program at a time.

History Of Operating
System
  In the late 1960s, the first version of
Unix operating system was developed.

 Miscrosoft Windows was developed in

response to an IBM request for an
operating system to run its range of
personal computers for PCs

History Of Operating
System
  The Windows name was first used in
1985 when a graphical user interface
was created and paired or joined with
the MS-DOS

History Of Operating
System
 1- Establish a User Interface
 provide easy way to user to user the

computer system
2- Manage he resources
 CPU, memory printer etc

3-Provides Services For Applications Software

 Memory Management

 Device Management

 Security

 Processor Management

Goals Or Objectives Of
Operating System
Multi-User Operating
System
  A multi-user operating system is an
operating system that permits several
users to access a single system running
to a single operating system. These
systems are frequently quite complex,
and they must manage the tasks that the
various users connected to them require.

What is Multi-User
Operating System?
  User will usually sit at terminals or
computers connected to the system via a
network and other system machines like
printers. A multi-user operating system
varies from a connected single-user
operating system in that each user
accesses the same operating system
from different machines. Users

What is Multi-User
Operating System?
 The main goal of developing a multi-user
operating system is to use it for time-sharing
and batch processing on mainframe systems.

 This multi-user operating system is now often

used in large organizations, the government
sector, educational institutions like large
universities, and on servers' side such as
Ubuntu Server or Windows Server. These
servers allow several users to access the
operating system, kernel, and hardware at
the same time.
  It is usually responsible for handling
memory and processing for other
running programs, identifying and using
system hardware, and efficiently
handling user interaction and data
requests. It's especially important for an
operating system, a multi-user operating
system because several users rely on the
system to function properly at the same
time.

What is Multi-User
Operating System?
  There are various components of a multi-user
operating system. Some of them are as follows:

Memory
 The physical memory present inside the system is
where storage occurs. It is also known as Random
Access Memory (RAM). The system may rectify the
data that is present in the main memory.
 So, every executed program should be copied from
physical storage like a hard disk. Main memory is
determined as an important part of OS because it
Components of Multi-
specifies how many programs may be executed
simultaneously.

User Operating
System
  A multi-user operating system makes use
of the Kernel component, which is built
in a low-level language. This component
is embedded in the computer system's
main memory and may interact directly
with the system's H/W.

Kernel
  The CPU (Central Processing Unit) of the
computer is sometimes known as the
computer's brain. In large machines, the
CPU would necessitate more ICS. On
smaller computers, the CPU is mapped
in a single chip known as a
microprocessor.

Processor
  The user interface is the way of
interaction between users and all
software and hardware processes. It
enables the users to interact with the
computer system in a simple manner.

User Interface
  Each input and output device needs its
device handler. The device handler's
primary goal is to provide all requests
from the whole device request queue
pool. The device handler operates in
continuous cycle mode, first discarding
the I/O request block from the queue
side.

Device Handler
  Spooler stands for 'Simultaneous
Peripheral Output on Line'. The Spooler
runs all computer processes and outputs
the results at the same time. Spooling is
used by a variety of output devices,
including printers.

Spooler
  There are various types of multi-user
operating systems. Some of them are as
follows:
 Distributed System
 Time-Sliced Systems
 Multiprocessor System

Types of Multi-User
Operating System
  A distributed system is also known as
distributed computing. It is a collection
of multiple components distributed over
multiple computers that interact,
coordinate, and seem like a single
coherent system to the end-user. With
the aid of the network, the end-user
would be able to interact with or operate
them.

Distributed System
  It's a system in which each user's job
gets a specific amount of CPU time. In
other words, each work is assigned to a
specific time period.
 These time slices look too small to the
user's eyes. An internal component
known as the 'Scheduler' decides to run
the next job. This scheduler determines
and executes the job that must perform
based on the priority cycle.

Time-Sliced Systems
  Multiple processors are used in this
system, which helps to improve overall
performance. If one of the processors in
this system fails, the other processor is
responsible for completing its assigned
task.

Multiprocessor System
  The single master system is contained
within the multi-user system. All network
users can access the master system
anytime and from any place and open
their local version of the system.
 The local version is also known as a
'working model'. All users can update,
delete, and create new files on their local
working model, but this model will not
be available to other users until it is
How to work the Multi-
saved to the master system.

User operating
system?
  There are various characteristics of a
multi-user operating system. Some of
them are as follows:
 Resource Sharing
 Multi-Tasking
 Background Processing
 Time-Sharing
 System
 Invisibility

Characteristics of Multi-
User Operating System
  Several devices, like printers, fax
machines, plotters, and hard drives, can
be shared in a multi-user operating
system. Users can share their own
documents using this functionality. All
users are given a small slice of CPU time
under this system.

Resource Sharing
  Multi-user operating systems may
execute several tasks simultaneously,
and several programs may also execute
at the same time.

Multi-Tasking
  Background processing is a term that
refers to when commands are not
processed but rather executed "in the
background". Usually, other programs
interact with the system in real-time.

Background
Processing
  A strategy used by multi-user operating
systems to operate on several user
requests at the same time by switching
between jobs at very short periods of
time.

Time-Sharing
  The operating system must handle a
computer's combination of hardware and
software resources.

System
  Various functions of the multi-user
operating system are hidden from users.
It is due to factors such as the OS being
instinctive or happening at the lower
end, such as disk formatting, etc.

Invisibility
  Unix
 Multiple Virtual Storage
 Shared Computing

Examples of Multi-
User Operating
System
  A highly dependable open system
architecture for small and medium-scale
business computing systems. Because it
is based on Open System Architecture,
tech giants including AIX, Solaris, and
even Mac OS have their own version of
Unix. For example, the Hospitality
industry, Healthcare, etc.

Unix
  IBM develops an operating system for
use on mainframe systems. It's
commonly utilized in enterprise
computing, where high-intensity I/O is
required. For example, Banking,
Insurance, Aviation business, etc.

Multiple Virtual
Storage
  A multi-user OS is a software that operates
the servers that support most webmail apps.
A typical webmail application may require
the utilization of hundreds of computers.
 Each one runs a multi-user operating system
capable of supporting various users at the
same time.
 Because these systems have millions, if not
billions, of users who constantly log on to
check their messages, they require operating
systems that can handle a high number of
users at once.

Shared Computing
  There are various advantages of a multi-user
operating system. Some of the advantages are as
follows:

 A multi-user operating system can be used in the

printing process to allow multiple users to access
the same printer, which a normal operating
system may not do.

 On a single computer system, several users can

Advantages of Multi-
access the same copy of a document. For
instance, if a PPT file is kept on one computer,
other users can see it on other systems.

User Operating
System
  Multi-user operating systems are very useful
in offices and libraries because they can
efficiently handle printing jobs.
 If one computer fails in its own network
system, the entire system does not come to a
halt.
 Airlines use multi-user operating systems for
some of their functions.
 The ticket reservation system uses a multi-
user operating system.
Advantages of Multi-
 Each user can access the same document on
their own computer.

User Operating
System
  There are various disadvantages of a
multi-user operating system. Some of the
disadvantages are as follows:

 Virus attacks occur simultaneously on all

of them as the computers are shared. As
a result, if one machine is affected, the
others will be as well.
Disadvantages of
Multi-User Operating
System
  If a virus hits one computer, it spreads to
the entire network system
simultaneously, and finally, all computer
systems fail.
 All computer information is shared
publicly, and your personal information is
accessible to everyone on the network.
 Multiple accounts on a single computer
may not be suitable for all users. Thus, it
Disadvantages of
is better to have multiple PCs for each
user.

Multi-User Operating
System