CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO AI
 Chapter’s point of discussion

Objectives/Goals of AI

What is AI?

Approaches to AI

Foundations of AI

Brief History of AI

AI state of the Art

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 Goals of AI
• Artificial intelligence is one of the growing technologies of
computer science.
– It causes a machine to work as a human.
• The main goal of Artificial intelligence is to make machine
intelligent.
• Goal of AI can be accomplished by:
1. Studying how human brain thinks and how humans learn, decide,
and work while trying to solve a problem.
2. Understanding human intelligence better way.
3. Representing human intelligence in machine.
4. Creating useful program to do tasks that would normally require
human expert.
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 What is Artificial intelligence?
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words: Artificial and
Intelligence, where
– Artificial defines "man-made" and
– intelligence defines "thinking power".
• Sign of intelligence:
– Learn or understand from experience
– Make sense out of ambiguous situations
– Respond quickly to new situations
– Use reasoning to solve problems
– Apply knowledge to manipulate the environment.
• Hence, AI can be defined as “a man-made thinking power".
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 What is Artificial intelligence?
• AI is the simulation of natural intelligence in machines.
• AI is the science and engineering of creating intelligent program.
• AI is a branch of computer science which aims at making machine
intelligent.
• AI consist in the development of computer systems to perform
tasks commonly associated with intelligence, such as learning.

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 Approaches of Artificial Intelligence
• Act humanly: defines AI as the study of making computer to do
tasks at which peoples are better.
– Tested using Alan Turing test.
• The computer would need to possess the following capabilities:
– Natural language processing to enable it to communicate
successfully in English
– Knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears
– Automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer
questions and to draw new conclusions
– Machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect
and extrapolate patterns
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 Approaches of Artificial Intelligence(cont’d…)
• Act humanly: Turing’s test intentionally avoided direct physical
interaction between the interrogator and the computer, because
physical simulation of a person is unnecessary for intelligence.

• However, the total Turing Test includes a video signal so that the
interrogator can test the subject’s perceptual abilities, as well as the
opportunity for the interrogator to pass physical objects “through the
hatch”.

• To pass the total Turing Test, the computer will need:

– Computer vision to perceive objects and
– Robotics to manipulate objects and move about.
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 Approaches of Artificial Intelligence (cont’d…)
• Think humanly: defines AI as automation of activities associated
with human thinking such as problem solving, decision making,
planning, learning and the likes.
– First, it requires the knowledge about the actual workings of
human mind.
– After completing the study about human mind it is possible to
express the theory as a computer program.
– It the program’s input/output and timing behavior matches
with the human behavior, then we can say that the program’s
mechanism is working like a human mind.

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 Approaches of Artificial Intelligence (cont’d…)
• Think rationally: defines AI as the representation of right thinking
in computer.
– uses symbolic logic to capture the laws of rational thought as
symbols that can be manipulated.
– Problem 1: informal knowledge is difficult to represent
– Problem 2: there is difference between problem solving in
principle and in practice.

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 Approaches of Artificial Intelligence (cont’d…)
• Act rationally: defines AI as automation of intelligent behavior.
– It involves creating systems that act in a way which maximizes
its chances of achieving its goal, given the available
information (Rational Agents).
• Rational Agents perceive the environment and act so as to
achieve the best outcome when there is uncertainty.

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 Types of Artificial Intelligence
• There are three types of Artificial Intelligence
– Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)
– Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
– Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

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 Types of Artificial Intelligence(cont’d…)
• Artificial Narrow Intelligence: is the most common form of AI.
• It is designed to solve one single problem and would be able to
execute a single task really well.
• It has narrow capabilities, like recommending a product for an
e-commerce user or predicting the weather.
• It is the only kind of Artificial Intelligence that exists today.
• It is able to come close to human functioning in very specific
contexts, and even exceed them in many instances, but only
excelling in very controlled environments with a limited set of
parameters.

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 Types of Artificial Intelligence(cont’d…)
• Artificial General Intelligence: is still a theoretical concept.
– It is defined as AI which has a human-level of mental function,
across a wide variety of domains such as language processing,
image processing, computational functioning and reasoning and
so on.
– We are still a long way away from building an AGI system.
– It need to comprise of thousands of Artificial Narrow
Intelligence systems working in sequence, communicating with
each other to mimic human reasoning.
• Artificial general intelligence refers to a computer that is as smart
as a human across the board.

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 Types of Artificial Intelligence(cont’d…)
• Artificial Super Intelligence: is seen as the logical progression from
artificial general intelligence.
– It would be able to go beyond all human capabilities.
– This would include decision making, taking rational decisions,
and even includes things like making better art and building
emotional relationships.
• Artificial super intelligence is much smarter than the best human
brains in practically in every field.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of AI
• Technology has made our life better.
• AI and other technologies have been taken over for music
recommendations, map directions, mobile banking, fraud
prevention.
• There is always two sides to a coin and that is the case with AI as
well.
– AI has advantages and disadvantages

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of AI(cont’d…)
• Advantages of AI:
– Operates 24/7 without fatigue or breaks
– It helps in automation of repetitive tasks
– It provides faster and more accurate decisions
• Disadvantages of AI:
– Job displacement and changes in the job market.
– AI lacks human-like creativity
– Biases present in the data used to train it, leading to discriminatory
outcomes
– Reliance on vast amounts of personal data to function which raises
concerns about data privacy.
– Requiring significant investments in technology, infrastructure and
skilled personnel.
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 Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
• Development of Artificial intelligence is based on consolidations of
ideas from different disciplines.
• Philosophy: provides the idea of knowledge acquisition,
understanding and taking action based on the knowledge in the
human mind which is noticeable from the physical brain.
– It gives the concept of “How some conclusion can be drawn by a
machine from the formal rules”.
• Mathematics: involves computation, representation of logic,
probability theory and decision making.
– It is used to determine computability, forming model for
knowledge representation and reasoning the knowledge.

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 Foundations of Artificial Intelligence(cont’d..)
• Economics: studies how agents attempt to maximize their own
well-being, even when given uncertain information and in the
presence of allies and adversaries.
• Neuroscience: is the study of the nervous system, particularly the
brain.
– It defines the working method in the brain for logical reasoning.
• Psychology: gives the idea about how human mind thinks and
takes action.

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 Foundations of Artificial Intelligence(cont’d..)
• Computer Engineering: defines mechanism to build system to
function like AI artifact as well as how to improve their capacity
and efficiency.
• Control Theory and Cybernetics: define the technique to design
simple optimal agents receiving feedback from the environment.
– Modern control theory design systems that maximize an
objective function over time in dynamic environment.
• Linguistics: deals with language in a formal-enough way that it can
be processed by machine.

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 History of AI

First AI
winter

Second AI
winter

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 Artificial Intelligence state of Art
• State of the art of AI is used to show what AI can do today.
• A concise answer is difficult because there are so many activities in so
many subfields. Here we sample a few applications:
• Natural Language Processing: it is possible to interact with the
computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.
– Question answering systems: AI programs are applied to retrieve
correct responses to the questions asked by human in natural
language.
– Automatic text summarization: generating a shorter summary of
a long document while preserving its essence.
– Machine Translation: a computer program automatically
translates one language to another.
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 Artificial Intelligence state of Art(cont’d…)
• Natural language processing(cont’d…)
– Speech recognition: ability of AI system to hear and express
sentences and understand their meanings while a person talks
to it.
• Examples: Siri and Google assistant.
– Spam fighting: uses learning algorithms to classify messages as
spam or non-spam to save the recipient from wasting his/her
time on deleting it.
– Handwriting Recognition: reads the text written on paper by a
pen or on screen by a stylus.
• It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into
editable text.
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 Artificial Intelligence state of Art(cont’d…)
• Spelling checker: checks for misspellings in a text.
– It is program designed to locate misspelled words and
notify/correct the user of the misspellings.

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 Artificial Intelligence state of Art(cont’d…)
• Medical diagnosis: AI programs are applied to practices such as
diagnosis processes, treatment protocol development, drug
development, personalized medicine, and patient monitoring and care.
– Disease diagnosis: AI system can analyze symptoms and assess if
there’s a need for medical attention.
• It reduces the workload of medical professionals by bringing
only crucial cases to them.
– Transcriptions of medical notes: through NLP, AI can structure
patient information to make it easier for doctors to read it.
• AI algorithms can also be used to analyze large amounts of data
through electronic health records for disease prevention and
diagnosis.
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 Artificial Intelligence state of Art(cont’d…)
• Vision Systems: AI systems which can understand, explain, and
describe visual input on the computer.
– It extracts information out of digital images and uses it like
human visual system.
– It is widely used for object detection in robots, in self-deriving
cars and in medical diagnostics.
– There are many applications of Computer Vision today, and the
future holds an immense scope.
• Examples: Financial Institutions use computer vision to
prevent fraud or allow mobile deposits, Facial Recognition
for surveillance and security systems.

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 Artificial Intelligence state of Art(cont’d…)
• Fraud detection: banks use artificial intelligence to determine
if there is abnormal activity on customers account.
– Unexpected activity, such as foreign transactions, could be
identified by the algorithm.
• Gaming: AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess,
poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large
number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
• Recommendation systems: online services use artificial
intelligence to “learn” from customer’s previous purchases in
order to recommend relevant content for them.

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 Artificial Intelligence state of Art(cont’d…)
• Robotics: automated AI enabled machines which can perform the tasks
given by a human.
– they are capable of learning from their mistakes
– they can adapt to the new environment
– they can work in an environment where survival of humans can be
at risk.

• Autonomous cars: self driving cars are the most expected product in
near future.
– They need to detect the road condition and take real time decisions.
– Current state of self-driving cars is safely driving, obeying traffic
rules and avoiding pedestrians and other vehicles.
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 Challenges in AI Development
• Accessibility and integrity: various attackers can disturb the
integrity or availability of machine learning-based systems by:
– Polluting training datasets with fake data
– Attacking machine learning algorithm.
• Privacy and safety: improper usage of financial transactions,
healthcare records and biological behavior can cause privacy
issues.
– Data can be used for bad purposes.
• Explainability and Transparency: deep learning is black box.
– How a specific set of inputs can create a solution for different
kinds of problems is difficult to understand for a layman.
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 Challenges in AI Development(cont’d…)
• The Bias Problem: the good or bad nature of an AI system really
depends on the amount of data they are trained on.
– Hence, the ability to gain good data is the solution to good AI
systems in the future.
– But, in reality, the everyday data the organizations collect is
poor and holds no significance of its own.

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Thank you!

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