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Unit - 02 (1)

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Unit - 02 (1)

Uploaded by

thegayatrigosavi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit : 2 Radio wave propagation models

Wireless channels, Antenna gain, Aperture


wavelength, Wireless channel models-free space
propagation model, Two-ray ground model, The log
distance path-loss model, Large scale and small
scale variations, Basic propagation mechanisms.
Radio Wave Propagation Model
A radio propagation model, also known as
Radio Frequency Propagation Model, is an practical
mathematical formulation for the characterization of radio
wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and
other conditions.

The radio spectrum is the part of the


electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies from 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called radio waves, are
extremely widely used in modern technology, particularly in
telecommunication.
any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not
Ionizing radiation is called particles or
carry enough energy per quantum (photon energy) electromagnetic waves which have so
to ionize atoms or molecules. Photon energy is much energy that they electronize them by
the energy carried by a single photon. The amount applying the electrons to the atoms or
of energy is directly proportional to the photon's
electromagnetic frequency. molecules they collide
Radio waves are generated artificially by transmitters and received
by radio receivers, using antennas.
Radio Waves Characteristics
Frequency Range :3 KHz to 300 GHz
Easy to generate
Can travel long distances
Can penetrate buildings
They are both used for indoor and outdoor communication
They are Omni-directional: can travel in all directions
They can be narrowly focused at high frequencies (greater
than 100MHz) using parabolic antennas (like satellite dishes)
All signals converted to analog
Unguided media allows analog transmission only
Analog Signal usage: TV, Radio
Digital Signal usage: Cell Phone, Wireless Network

Infrared light is one type of light that is invisible to us.


Antennas
• An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of
conductors to send/receive RF signals
– Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space
– Reception - collects electromagnetic energy from space
• In two-way communication, the same antenna can be
used for transmission and reception
Directional Antenna
Omnidirectional Antenna
(higher frequency)
(lower frequency)
In radio communication, an
omnidirectional antenna is a
class of antenna which radiates
equal radio power in all directions
perpendicular to an axis
(azimuthal directions), with power A directional antenna is
varying with angle to the axis defined as an antenna that
(elevation angle), declining to sends and receives signals in
zero on the axis.
a specific direction, typically
in a narrow beam with a
cigar-shaped signal pattern.
01/02/25
Antennas: isotropic radiator
• Isotropic radiator: equal radiation in all directions (three
dimensional) - only a theoretical reference antenna
• Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically
and/or horizontally)
• Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around an
antenna

01/02/25
The decibel ( dB) is used to measure sound level, but it is also widely used in
electronics, signals and communication. The dB is a logarithmic way of describing a
ratio. The ratio may be power, sound pressure, voltage or intensity or several other
BEAM WIDTH
In a radio antenna pattern, the half power beam width is the angle between the
half-power (-3 dB) points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak effective
radiated power of the main lobe. See beam diameter. Beam width is usually but
not always expressed in degrees and for the horizontal plane.
Decibel (dB) - Power gain, Voltage gain, and Current gain
Decibels
• Attenuation = 10 Log10 (Pin/Pout) decibel
• Attenuation = 20 Log10 (Vin/Vout) decibel

• Example 1: Pin = 10 mW, Pout=5 mW


– Attenuation = 10 log 10 (10/5) = 10 log 10 2 = 3 dB

• Example 2: Pin = 100mW, Pout=1 mW


– Attenuation = 10 log 10 (100/1) = 10 log 10 100 = 20
dB
A directional antenna or beam antenna
is an antenna which radiates or receives
greater radio wave power in specific
directions.
21
Point source of radiation (such as light) that is concentrated at a point and
considered as having no spatial extension.

22
the layer of the earth's atmosphere which contains a high concentration of ions
and free electrons and is able to reflect radio waves. It lies above the mesosphere
and extends from about 80 to 1,000 km above the earth's surface.
Directivity is a fundamental antenna parameter. It is a measure of how
'directional' an antenna's radiation pattern is. An antenna that radiates equally
in all directions would have effectively zero directionality, and the directivity of
this type of antenna would be 1 (or 0 dB).
Antenna Pattern Solid Angle: All of the
radiation emitted by the antenna is
concentrated in a cone of solid angle
Ωp over which the radiation is constant
and equal to the antenna's maximum
radiation value.
A great example is when the sun's rays pass through clouds.
Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.
The Ionosphere is part of Earth's upper atmosphere, between 80 and about 600 km
where Extreme UltraViolet (EUV) and x-ray solar radiation ionizes the atoms and
molecules thus creating a layer of electrons. the ionosphere is important because it
reflects and modifies radio waves used for communication and navigation.
examples of refraction: Rainbows, atmospheric refraction, distortion of
underwater objects, telescopes, and prisms
The most familiar example of diffraction is the spread of colors in a rainbow.

beautiful sunset over the ocean.


What is Fading

Relative motion is the calculation of the motion of an object with regard to


some other moving object.
Attenuation is a general term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a
signal. Attenuation occurs with any type of signal, whether digital or analog.
A stochastic process is a random process evolving with time
Free Space Propagation Model

The free space propagation model is used to predict received


signal strength when the transmitter and receiver have a
clear, unobstructed line-of-sight path between them.

the free space model predicts that received power decays as


a function of the T-R separation distance raised to some
power (i.e. a power law function).
This process of generating
current in a conductor by
placing the conductor in a
changing magnetic field is
called induction.
The free space power received by a receiver antenna which is separated
from a radiating transmitter antenna by a distance d, is given by the Friis
free space equation,

Where
Pt is the transmitted power,
Pr (d) is the received power which is a of the T-R separation,
Gt is the transmitter antenna gain,
Gr is the receiver antenna gain,
d is the T-R separation distance in meters,
L is the system loss factor not related to propagation (L  1), and
 is the wavelength in meters.
The gain of an antenna is related to its effective aperture, Ae by
1. The values for Pt and Pr must be expressed in the same units,

2. and Gt and Gr are dimensionless quantities.

3. The miscellaneous losses L (L  I ) are usually due to transmission


line attenuation, filter losses, and antenna losses in the
communication system. A value of L = 1 indicates no loss in the
system hardware.

4. The Friis free space equation of (3.1) shows that the received
power falls off as the square of the T-R separation distance. This
implies that the received power decays with distance at a rate of 20
dB/decade.
Since a dipole antenna has a gain of 1.64 (2.15 dB above an isotropic), the ERP will be 2.15 dB
smaller than the EIRP for the same transmission system.
Ground Reflection (2 Ray) Model - Mobile Radio
Propagation - Mobile Communication System

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