Electronic Circuits and Application

I64T001M16
NVQ 6 semester 1

Lecturer: M.M Ravinath

MSc in Applied Electronics UoC ,B-Tech in Mechatronics UVoT

Department of Electrical Technology

University College of Anuradhapura
University of Vocational Technology
 Microprocessors &
microcontrollers

26/12/2020
 Conten
t
• History
• Microprocessor
• Microcontroller
• Useful circuits
• MCU programming
• MCU applications
History
GPU-Graphics processing unit
 A Brief History of the Microprocessor
1968, Fairchild introduces the 3708 the first silicon-
gate IC.
Project leader Federico Faggin and Tom Klein would
be the first to implement silicon gate technology to
develop the first commercialized microprocessor.
Federico Fagging and Tom Klein worked at Fairchild
R&D where silicon gate technology was developed.
This technology would later be used on the world
first commercial microprocessor.
• In 1971, under the direction of Federico
Faggin, Intel releases the Intel 4004, a 4-bit
central processing unit, as the first
commercially available microprocessor.

• 1972, the 8008 8-bit microprocessor is

released by Intel. At this time Intel would
remain as the leader in the manufacturing of
the microprocessor.
In the mid-1970s, a new player would enter the
microprocessor field, meet National Semiconductor.
Now interested Intel’s advancement in the processor,
National Semiconductor releases its own 16-bit
processor.
As time progresses, we see the release of the 32-bit and
64-bit processor.
Mainstream computers are now equipped with a 64-bit
processor and Intel and AMD now dominate the field of
chipset manufacturers.
Now the top performing CPU is the AMD Ryzen 9 5900X.
Cores: 12 Threads: 24
Base clock: 3.7GHz Boost clock: 4.8GHz
L3 cache: 64MB TDP: 105W
 Microprocessors
A microprocessor is an electronic component
that is used by a computer to do its work.
It is a central processing unit on a single
integrated circuit chip containing millions of very
small components including transistors,
resistors, and diodes that work together.
Also…….
Microprocessor, any of a type of miniature
electronic device that contains the
• Arithmetic
• logic
• and control circuitry
necessary to perform the functions of a digital
computer's central processing unit.
 Is CPU and microprocessor same?
A CPU (central processing unit) is the part of a
computer that executes instructions.
A microprocessor is a single-chip
implementation of a CPU.
Nowadays pretty much all CPUs for general
use are microprocessors, causing the two
terms to be practically synonymous.
 What is Processor?
Processor which is also known as Central Processing Unit
(CPU) is a chip, assigned with the instructions of performing
logical I/O operations and arithmetical functions of the
computer. Do not confuse the term CPU/processor with the
whole system.

In fact, processor or CPU is a small chip, which contains

millions of tiny transistors to run the system effectively. It is
the duty of processor to keep an eye over the computer. Its
main function is to perform complex and difficult task. It reads
and writes the data on CD/DVD, USB or another removable
disk. It performs its functions through ALU and CU stands for
Arithmetic Logic Unit and Control Unit respectively.
 Then what is Microprocessor?
Microprocessor is the latest form of processor or CPU. The
microprocessor is a single-chip circuit integrated with all
qualities of CPU with few new circuits. Its processing speed is
greater than CPU. Today all latest processor CPUs are a
microprocessor.

Microprocessor is developed for multipurpose. It is capable in

accepting and storing data and process them in output as a
result according to instructions. This invention has changed
the whole CPU/processor. Processing power cost has been
introduced with an increase in processing speed.
Microprocessor is the latest and upgraded version of
processor/CPU.
 Why we need a Microprocessor ?
A microprocessor is similar to our human brain, it can be trained to do
anything.
It can be programmed to do anything we want based on it’s
instruction
set and capabilities.
Sometimes solutions are very complex, circuits also becomes very
complex if we try to solve it without programming.
Example:
Imagine you want to make a big building. Usage of BRICKS will make
the construction process simple and cost effective. And it will also give
you the freedom to make the building in shape and size what you like.
Instruction set in a microprocessor are the bricks which you can use to
solve your problem. By using those instructions you can easily solve
complex program.
Example 2: Operating a valve using servo motor(explain the task using
electronic ccts and compare with it mcu cct.)
Servo motor example
Example 3:Blinking a bulb
Here, the circuit
consists of an
A-stable multi
vibrator using 555
Timer IC which
creates a square
wave. The circuit
has an on-state
time of 0.94
Seconds and OFF
time of 0.47
Seconds.
Simple block diagram of microprocessor
How does a Microprocessor work ?
A processor is the brain of a computer which basically consists of
• Arithmetical and Logical Unit (ALU)
• Control Unit
• and Register Array.
As the name indicates ALU performs all arithmetic and logical
operations on the data received from input devices or memory.
Register array consists of a series of registers like accumulator (A), B, C,
D etc. which acts as temporary fast access memory locations for
processing data.
As the name indicates, control unit controls the flow of instructions
and data throughout the system.

So basically a microprocessor takes input from input devices,

process it
as per instructions given in the memory and produces output.
 Advantages of a Microprocessor
• Low Cost
Microprocessors are available at low cost due to integrated circuit technology.
Which will reduce the cost of a computer system.
• High Speed
Microprocessor chips can work at very high speed due to the technology
involved in it. It is capable of executing millions of instructions per second.
• Small Size
Due to very large scale and ultra large scale integration technology, a
microprocessor is fabricated in a very less footprint. This will reduce the size
of the entire computer system.
• Versatile
Microprocessors are very versatile, the same chip can be used for a number
of applications by simply changing the program (instructions stored in the
memory).
• Low Power Consumption
Microprocessors are usually manufactured using metal oxide
semiconductor technology, in which MOSFETs (Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors) are working in saturation and
cut off modes. So the power consumption is very low compared to
others.
• Less Heat Generation
Compared to vacuum tube devices, semiconductor devices won’t emit
that much heat.
• Reliable
Microprocessors are very reliable, failure rate is very less as
semiconductor technology is used.
• Portable
Devices or computer system made with microprocessors can be made
portable due to the small size and low power consumption.
 Common Terms used in a
Microprocessor
• Bus
A bus is a set of conductors intended to transmit data, address or
control information to different elements in a microprocessor.
Usually a microprocessor will have 3 types of buses : Data Bus,
Control Bus and Address Bus. An 8-bit processor will be using 8-
bit wide bus.
• Instruction Set
Instruction set is the group of commands that a microprocessor
can understand. So instruction set is an interface between
hardware and software (program). An instruction commands the
processor to switch relevant transistors for doing some
processing in data.
For eg. ADD A, B; is used to add two numbers stored in the
register A and B.
• Word Length
Word Length is the number of bits in the internal data bus of a
processor or it is the number of bits a processor can process at a
time.
For eg. An 8-bit processor will have an 8-bit data bus, 8-bit
registers and will do 8-bit processing at a time. For doing higher
bits (32-bit, 16-bit) operations, it will split that into a series of 8-
bit operations.
• Cache Memory
Cache memory is a random access memory that is integrated
into the processor. So the processor can access data in the cache
memory more quickly than from a regular RAM. It is also known
as CPU Memory. Cache memory is used to store data or
instructions that are frequently referenced by the software or
program during the operation. So it will increase the overall
speed of the operation.
• Clock Speed
Alternatively referred to as clock rate and processor speed, clock
speed is the speed that the microprocessor executes each
instruction or each vibration of the clock. The CPU requires a
fixed number of clock ticks, or cycles, to execute each
instruction.

The higher the frequency of the CPU's clock, the more logical
operations it can perform per second. So, as the frequency of the
CPU's clock increases, the time required to perform tasks
decreases.
 Architecture of a microprocessor
• https://www
.youtube.com/watch?v=aj8gdnUj WD8
 Microprocessor Instruction Cycle
• https://www
.youtube.com/watch?v=DHeS6n Q_dmY
 Basics of Microcontrollers
Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer.
A microcontroller also called an embedded
controller because the microcontroller and its
support circuits are often built into, or
embedded in, the devices they control.
You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of
electronic devices these days. Any device that
measures, stores, controls, calculates, or
displays information must have a
microcontroller chip inside.
The largest single use for microcontrollers is in
automobile industry (microcontrollers widely
used for controlling engines and power controls
in automobiles). You can also find
microcontrollers inside keyboards, mouse,
modems, printers, and other peripherals.
In test equipment, microcontrollers make it easy
to add features such as the ability to store
measurements, to create and store user
routines, and to display messages and
waveforms.
Consumer products that use microcontrollers
include digital camcorders, optical players,
LCD/LED display units, etc.
A microcontroller basically contains one or more
following components:
• Central processing unit(CPU)
• Random Access Memory)(RAM)
• Read Only Memory(ROM)
• Input/output ports
• Timers and Counters
• Interrupt Controls
• Analog to digital converters
• Digital analog converters
• Serial interfacing ports
• Oscillatory circuits
8051 Microcontroller Architecture

Microcontroller 8051 block diagram

CPU (Central Processor Unit)

It scrutinizes and manages all processes that are carried out in

the Microcontroller.
Interrupts:
Interrupt is a sub-routine call that reads the Microcontroller’s
key function or job and helps it to perform some other program
which is extra important at that point of time.
Interrupts provides us a method to postpone or delay the
current process, carry out a sub-routine task and then all over
again restart standard program implementation.
The Micro-controller 8051 can be assembled in
such a manner that it momentarily stops or
break the core program at the happening of
interrupt. When sub-routine task is finished
then the implementation of core program
initiates automatically as usual. There are 5
interrupt supplies in 8051 Microcontroller, two
out of five are peripheral interrupts, two are
timer interrupts and one is serial port interrupt.
Memory:
Micro-controller needs a program which is a set of
commands.
This program enlightens Microcontroller to perform
precise tasks.
These programs need a storage space on which
they can be accumulated and interpret by
Microcontroller to act upon any specific process.
The memory which is brought into play to
accumulate the program of Microcontroller is
recognized as Program memory or code memory.
In common language it’s also known as Read Only
Memory or ROM.
Microcontroller also needs a memory to gather
data for the short term.
The storage space which is employed to
temporarily data storage for functioning is
acknowledged as Data Memory and we employ
Random Access Memory or RAM for this
principle reason.
Microcontroller 8051 contains code memory or
program memory 4K so that is has 4KB Rom and
it also comprise of data memory (RAM) of 128
bytes.
Bus
Fundamentally Bus is a group of wires which functions as a
communication canal or mean for the transfer Data. These
buses comprise of 8, 16 or more cables. As a result, a bus can
bear 8 bits, 16 bits all together. There are 3 types of buses:
• Address Bus: It is a group of wires or lines that are used to
transfer the addresses of Memory or I/O devices. ...
• Data Bus: As name tells that it is used to transfer data
within Microprocessor and Memory/Input or Output
devices. ...
• Control Bus: Microprocessor uses control bus to process
data, that is what to do.
 Oscillator:

An oscillator is a device that can give you a clock at a certain frequency given a constant
voltage.

One part of the oscillator is a crystal that is basically a very good filter.

Most microcontrollers only require a crystal because they contain all other parts of an
oscillator already. In these cases, just hook up the crystal pins to the XTAL (or whatever
they are called) pins on the microcontroller, and add the load capacitances from the
pins to ground. Do not supply any external voltage.
Input/output Port:
As we know that Microcontroller is used in Embedded systems to
control the operation of machines. Therefore to connect it to
other machines, devices or peripherals we requires I/O
interfacing ports in Microcontroller. For this purpose
Microcontroller 8051 has 4 input output ports to connect it to
other peripherals.
Timers/Counters:
Microcontroller 8051 has 2 16 bit timers and
counters. The counters are divided into 8 bit
registers. The timers are used for measurement
of intervals , to determine pulse width etc.
Microcontroller advantages &
disadvantages
Examples for embedded systems