UNIT IV

1. What is Object Oriented Programming

2. Encapsulation
3. Polymorphism
4. Inheritance
5. Object Oriented Design with UML
6. Computational Problem Solving
7. Vehicle Rental Agency Problem
1. What is Object Oriented Programming

 Like other general-purpose programming languages,

Python is also an object-oriented language since its
beginning.
 It allows us to develop applications using an Object-
Oriented approach.
 An object-oriented paradigm is
 The method of structuring the program
 to design the program using classes and objects.
 is a widespread technique to solve the problem by
creating objects.
 A Procedure Oriented paradigm is
 To design programs using functions (0r)
 1. What is Object Oriented Programming

Procedural Oriented Programming Object Oriented Programming

In procedural programming, the program is divided into In object-oriented programming, the program is divided
small parts called functions. into small parts called objects.

Object-oriented programming follows a bottom-up

Procedural programming follows a top-down approach.
approach.

Adding new data and functions is not easy. Adding new data and function is easy.

Procedural programming does not have any proper way of Object-oriented programming provides data hiding so it
hiding data so it is less secure. is more secure.

In procedural programming, the function is more In object-oriented programming, data is more important
important than the data. than function.

Procedural programming is used for designing medium- Object-oriented programming is used for designing large
sized programs. and complex programs.

Code reusability absent in procedural programming, Code reusability present in object-oriented programming.

Examples: C, FORTRAN, Pascal, Basic, etc. Examples: C++, Java, Python, C#, etc.
1. Object Oriented Programming Concepts
1. What is Object Oriented Programming

Object : An Entity that has a state and

Behaviour associated with it .
Example 1 : Smith is an entity that has
state and behavior
 State = RollNo, Name, age,
branch etc.
 Behavior = Writing Internal Exam,
External exam, attendance etc..
Example 2: German Sheperd is an
entity that has state and
behavior .
 State = age, breed, color etc..

1. What is Object Oriented Programming
Class : Collection of similar Objects
Example 1: collection of smith, Jones, King are
called a class “Student” because all such objects
share same state and behavior
Example 2: collection of German Sheperd,
Labrador,poodle etc.. called a class “Dog”
because all such objects share same state and
behavior
Inheritance : An Object Inheriting the properties of its parent
Object .
Example : child inherits all properties from their
parents
1. What is Object Oriented Programming

Polymorphism : It refers to the use of a single type entity

(method, operator or object) to represent
different types in different scenarios
Example : Mixer gives several different
forms of output
Abstraction : Hiding Internal details from the user
Example : Hiding internal details of car
from driver
1. What is Object Oriented Programming
Class
 A class is a collection of similar objects.
 A class contains the blueprints or the prototype from which the objects are being
created.
 Class defines data and methods (which manipulate the data)
 Attributes or Properties of object will become data or variables of a class
 Behavior or actions of the object will become methods of the class
Object
 instance of a class
Inheritance
 Mechanism of deriving a new class from existing class such that new class acquires
all the properties of existing class.
Polymorphism
 same entity can perform different operations in different scenarios.
 Polymorphism is implemented through Overloading and overridng
1. What is Object Oriented Programming
Encapsulation
 Encapsulation refers to the bundling of attributes and methods inside a single class.
 It prevents outer classes from accessing and changing attributes and methods of a class.
 This also helps to achieve data hiding.
 A class is an example of encapsulation as it encapsulates all the data that is member
functions, variables, etc.

Data Abstraction
 It hides unnecessary code details from the user. Also, when we do not want to give out
sensitive parts of our code implementation and this is where data abstraction came.
 Data Abstraction in Python can be achieved by creating abstract classes.
 2. Encapsulation
Encapsulation
 Encapsulation refers to the bundling of attributes and methods inside a single class.
 It prevents outer classes from accessing and changing attributes and methods of a class.
 This also helps to achieve data hiding.
 A class is an example of encapsulation as it encapsulates all the data that is member
functions, variables, etc.
 2. Encapsulation

 Consider a real-life example of encapsulation, in a company, there are different sections like the
accounts section, finance section, sales section etc.

 The finance section handles all the financial transactions and keeps records of all the data related
to finance.

 Similarly, the sales section handles all the sales-related activities and keeps records of all the sales.

 Now there may arise a situation when due to some reason an official from the finance section
needs all the data about sales in a particular month.

 In this case, he is not allowed to directly access the data of the sales section.

 He will first have to contact some other officer in the sales section and then request him to give
the particular data.

 This is what encapsulation is. Here the data of the sales section and the employees that can
manipulate them are wrapped under a single name “sales section”.

 Using encapsulation also hides the data. In this example, the data of the sections like sales,
finance, or accounts are hidden from any other section.
 2. Encapsulation
# Main program
# Define the Person class # Create Person objects (instances)
class Person: person1 = Person("Alice", 25)
person2 = Person("Bob", 30)
# Constructor to initialize object
attributes # Access object attributes using methods
def __init__(self, name, age): print(person1.get_name(),"is",
self.name = name person1.get_age()," years old.")
self.age = age print(person2.get_name()," is",
person2.get_age()," years old.")
# Method to get the person's name
def get_name(self): # Update age
return self.name person1.update_age(26)
# Method to get the person's age # Check the updated age
def get_age(self): print(person1.get_name(),"is
return self.age now",person1.get_age())
# Method to update the person's age OUTPUT
def update_age(self, new_age): Alice is 25 years old.
self.age = new_age Bob is 30 years old.
Alice is now 26
 2. Encapsulation

class Rectangle:
def __init__(self,l,b):
self.l=l
self.b=b
def area(self):
return self.l*self.b

r1=Rectangle(2,3)
print('Area of first Rectangle',r1.area())
r2 = Rectangle(4,5)
print('Area of second rectangle',r2.area())

OUTPUT
Area of first Rectangle 6
Area of second rectangle 20
3. Polymorphism
3. 1 Constructor Overloading

CONSTRUCTOR OVERLOADING
 In Python, constructor overloading refers to the ability to define multiple
constructors (initializers) for a class with different sets of parameters.
 It allows you to create objects of a class in various ways, depending on the
parameters provided.
 Unlike some other programming languages, Python does not support
explicit constructor overloading like method overloading (where you
can define multiple methods with the same name but different parameter
lists).
 Instead, Python uses a different approach to achieve constructor
overloading by utilizing default values and optional arguments.
3. 1 Constructor Overloading
class Const:
def __init__(self,a=0,b=0,c=0):
self.a=a
self.b=b
self.c=c
def sum(self):
return self.a+self.b+self.c
s1 = Const(3,4)
sum2 = s1.sum()
print('sum of 2 numbers',sum2)
s2 = Const(2,3,4)
sum3 = s2.sum()
print('sum of 3 numbers',sum3)
s3 = Const()
sum0 = s3.sum()
print("sum of 0 numbers is ",sum0)

OUTPUT
sum of 2 numbers 7
sum of 3 numbers 9
sum of 0 numbers is 0
 3.2 Method Overloading

METHOD OVERLOADING
 In Python, method overloading refers to the ability to define multiple
methods in a class with the same name but different parameter lists.
 Each method performs a different operation based on the number or type of
arguments passed to it. .
3.2 Method Overloading

class Meth:
def sum(self,x=0,y=0,z=0):
return x+y+z
s1=Meth()
so2=s1.sum(2,3)
so3=s1.sum(1,2,3)
print("sum of 2 numbers is ",so2)
print("sum of 3 numbers is ",so3)

OUTPUT
sum of 2 numbers is 5
sum of 3 numbers is 6
 3.2 Method Overloading
class methOverloading:
def add(self, a, b):
return a + b

def add(self, a, b, c):

return a + b + c

def add(self, *args):

return sum(args)

# Creating an object of MyClass

obj = methOverloading()

# Calling the overloaded add method

print(obj.add(2, 3)) # Output: 5
print(obj.add(2, 3, 4)) # Output: 9
print(obj.add(2, 3, 4, 5, 6)) # Output: 20
 4. Inheritance
 Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming
(OOP) that allows a class (called the "child" or "derived" class) to inherit
properties and behaviors from another class (called the "parent" or
"base" class).
 The child class can extend or modify the functionality of the parent
class while reusing its existing features.
 In Python, inheritance is supported, and it plays a significant role in building
complex and organized code structures
 4.1 Types of Inheritance
In Python, there are several types of inheritance that allow classes to inherit properties and
behaviors from other classes in different ways. The common types of inheritance in Python
are:
1) Single Inheritance:
Single inheritance involves a class inheriting from only one base class. It is the most
common type of inheritance and represents a simple hierarchy of classes.
class ParentClass:
pass

class ChildClass(ParentClass):
pass
 4.1 Types of Inheritance
4) Hierarchical Inheritance:
Hierarchical inheritance involves multiple classes inheriting from the same base class. It creates a
hierarchy of classes derived from a common base.
class ParentClass:
pass

class ChildClass1(ParentClass):
pass

class ChildClass2(ParentClass):
pass
5) Hybrid Inheritance:
Hybrid Inheritance (Mixing Multiple and Multilevel Inheritance): Hybrid inheritance is a combination of
multiple inheritance and multilevel inheritance.
class GrandparentClass:
pass

class ParentClass1(GrandparentClass):
pass

class ParentClass2(GrandparentClass):
pass

class ChildClass(ParentClass1, ParentClass2):

pass
4.2 Single Inheritance
 4.2 Single Inheritance
# Base class
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def make_sound(self):
pass
# Derived class inheriting from the Animal class
class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, breed):
# Call the constructor of the base class using the
super() function
super().__init__(name)
self.breed = breed
def make_sound(self):
return "Woof!"
# Create instances of the derived classes
dog = Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever")
# Accessing attributes and methods of the base class through the
derived classes
print(dog.name ," is a", dog.breed ," and says ",
dog.make_sound())

Buddy is a Golden Retriever and says Woof!

4.3 Hierarchical Inheritance
4.3 Hierarchical Inheritance
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def make_sound(self):
pass

def move(self):
print(f"{self.name} is moving.")

class Dog(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
print("Woof!") # Creating objects of the derived classes
dog = Dog("Buddy")
class Cat(Animal): cat = Cat("Whiskers")
def make_sound(self):
print("Meow!") # Calling the methods
dog.make_sound() # Output: Woof!
dog.move() # Output: Buddy is
moving.

cat.make_sound() # Output: Meow!

cat.move() # Output: Whiskers is
moving.
4.3 Multi level Inheritance
# Base class
class Person: 4.3 Multi level Inheritance
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def introduce(self):
return "Hi my name is ", self.name , " and I am ", self.age ," years old."
# Derived class inheriting from the Person class
class Employee(Person): ('Hi my name is ', 'John Doe', ' and I am ', 35, ' years old.')
def __init__(self, name, age, employee_id):
super().__init__(name, age) ('I am an employee working with ID ', '12345')
self.employee_id = employee_id ('I am managing a team in the department of ', 'Sales')
def work(self):
return "I am an employee working with ID ", self.employee_id
# Further derived class inheriting from the Employee class
class Manager(Employee):
def __init__(self, name, age, employee_id, department):
super().__init__(name, age, employee_id)
self.department = department
def manage_team(self):
return "I am managing a team in the department of ", self.department
# Create an instance of the Manager class
manager = Manager("John Doe", 35, "12345", "Sales")
# Accessing attributes and methods through multilevel inheritance
print(manager.introduce()) # Calls the introduce() method in the Manager class
print(manager.work()) # Calls the work() method in the Employee class
print(manager.manage_team()) # Calls the manage_team() method in the Manager class
 4.4 Method Overriding
Method Overriding
When a method in a subclass has the same name, same parameters or signature and same return
type(or sub-type) as a method in its super-class, then the method in the subclass is said
to override the method in the super-class.

 The version of a method that is executed will be determined by the object that is used to invoke it.
 If an object of a parent class is used to invoke the method, then the version in the parent class will
be executed, but if an object of the subclass is used to invoke the method, then the version in the
child class will be executed
 4.4 Method Overriding
 method overriding allows you to change or extend the behavior of the
inherited method to suit the needs of the subclass.

Method Overriding
class Animal:
def makeSound(self):
print("Animal makes a sound");

class Dog(Animal):
#Override
def makeSound(self):
print("Dog barks");
d = Dog()
d.makeSound()

Output
Dog barks
5 Object Oriented Design using UML
 Object-oriented design (OOD) is a process of designing software systems using the
principles of object-oriented programming.
 Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standard visual representation used to
model and visualize the various aspects of object-oriented systems.
 UML provides a set of diagrams to describe different perspectives of a software system,
aiding in the understanding, communication, and design of complex systems.
 There are several types of UML diagrams used in object-oriented design. Here are
some of the most commonly used ones:
1. Class Diagram:
 Represents the static structure of the system.
 Shows classes, their attributes, methods, and relationships between classes.
 It is used to visualize the class hierarchy and associations between classes.
2. Object Diagram:
 Represents a snapshot of instances of classes and their relationships at a
particular time.
 Shows objects and links between objects with their current data values.
5 Object Oriented Design using UML

3. Use Case Diagram:

 Represents the functionalities or use cases of the system from the user's
perspective.
 Shows actors (users or external systems) and their interactions with the
system through use cases.
4. Sequence Diagram:
 Represents the interactions between objects in a particular scenario or
use case.
 Shows the flow of messages between objects over time, indicating the
order of execution.
5. State Diagram:
 Represents the states and transitions of a single object or a class.
 Shows how an object changes its state in response to events.
5 Object Oriented Design using UML
6. Package Diagram:
 Represents the organization and dependencies between packages or
modules in a system.
7. Component Diagram:
 Represents the physical components and their relationships in the
system.
 Used to visualize the architecture and distribution of the system.
8. Deployment Diagram:
 Represents the physical deployment of software components on
hardware nodes.
 Shows how software artifacts are distributed across different machines.
5 Object Oriented Design using UML

UML Diagrams for Library Management Systems

Use Case Diagram
Use Case Diagram of Library Management System contains the main use
cases and users in the system.
5 Object Oriented Design using UML
Class Diagram
It is used to visualize the class hierarchy and associations between classes of a system
5 Object Oriented Design using UML
Sequence or Interaction Diagram

Represents the interactions between objects in a particular scenario or use case.

5 Object Oriented Design using UML
Activity Diagram

Activity Diagram to illustrate the activities between user and the system
5 Object Oriented Design using UML
Deployment Diagram

Represents the physical deployment of software components on hardware

nodes.
5 Object Oriented Design using UML
Component Diagram

 Used to visualize the architecture and distribution of the system.

6 Computational Problem Solving
 Computational problem solving is the process of using computational tools, algorithms,
and techniques to solve problems efficiently and effectively.
 It involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable tasks and
then employing computational methods to analyze and find solutions.
 This approach is widely used in various fields, including computer science, engineering,
mathematics, physics, and many other disciplines.
 The steps involved in computational problem solving typically include:
1) Problem Understanding: Clearly defining the problem and understanding its
requirements, constraints, and objectives. It is essential to have a thorough
understanding of the problem's context before attempting to solve it
computationally.
2) Algorithm Design: Designing a step-by-step procedure or algorithm that
outlines the solution to the problem. The algorithm should be precise, unambiguous,
and capable of handling various input scenarios.
6. Computational Problem Solving
3) Data Representation: Identifying the data required for the problem and determining the
appropriate data structures to represent and manipulate that data. Choosing the right data
structures can significantly impact the efficiency of the solution.
4) Coding: Translating the algorithm into a specific programming language and writing the code that
implements the solution. This step involves using the syntax and features of the chosen
programming language effectively.
5) Testing: Thoroughly testing the code with different test cases to ensure that it produces the
correct output for various inputs. Testing helps identify and fix any errors or bugs in the
implementation.
6) Optimization: Analyzing the algorithm and code to find ways to improve efficiency and reduce
computational complexity. Optimization may involve reducing time and space complexity to make
the solution more scalable and faster.
7) Execution and Evaluation: Running the code on real data or inputs to obtain the solution and
evaluating the results to determine its accuracy and effectiveness in solving the problem.
8) Iteration: If necessary, revisiting the problem-solving process to make improvements or
adjustments based on feedback or new requirements.
 7. Vehicle Rental Agency Problem
 The vehicle rental agency problem involves designing a program that simulates the operations of a vehicle rental
agency.
 The agency typically offers various types of vehicles, such as cars, bikes, motorcycles, vans, etc., for rent to
customers on a short-term basis.
 The primary goal of the vehicle rental agency is to manage the rental and return processes efficiently.
 Customers can rent a vehicle for a specific duration and then return it when they are done using it.
 During the rental period, the vehicle should be marked as "rented" and unavailable for other customers to rent.
 Once returned, the vehicle becomes available for other customers again.
Key features of the vehicle rental agency problem include:
1) Vehicle Types: The agency offers a fleet of different types of vehicles, each with its own attributes (e.g., make,
model, year, capacity, etc.).
2) Rental Process: Customers can request to rent a specific vehicle based on their requirements. The rental
agency needs to keep track of the availability status of each vehicle and allow customers to rent only those that
are currently available.
 7. Vehicle Rental Agency Problem
3) Return Process: After the rental period is over, customers return the vehicle to the agency. The agency then
updates the vehicle's status to "available" for other customers to rent.
4) Inventory Management: The agency needs to maintain an inventory of available vehicles, ensuring that the
number of available vehicles is updated correctly after each rental and return.
5) Rental Duration and Pricing: The rental agency may have different pricing models based on the type of vehicle
and the duration of the rental. Calculating the rental cost and handling payments is an essential aspect of the
problem.
6) Vehicle Inspection: The agency may need to inspect vehicles for damages or issues before renting them out again
to ensure customer safety and satisfaction.
7) Customer Management: The agency may keep records of customer information, rental history, and other
details for better customer service.
 7. Vehicle Rental Agency Problem
class Vehicle:
def __init__(self, make, model, year, is_available=True):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.is_available = is_available
class RentalAgency:
def __init__(self):
self.vehicles = []
def add_vehicle(self, vehicle):
self.vehicles.append(vehicle)
 7. Vehicle Rental Agency Problem
def display_available_vehicles(self):
available_vehicles=[]
for i in self.vehicles:
if i.is_available ==True:
available_vehicles.append(i)
if len(available_vehicles) >0:
for k in available_vehicles:
print(f"Available Vehicle is {k.make} of k.model} {k.year} ")
else:
print("No vehicles are currently available.")
 7. Vehicle Rental Agency Problem
def rent_vehicle(self, make, model, year):
for i in self.vehicles:
if i.make == make and i.model == model and i.year == year and i.is_available:
i.is_available = False
print(f"You have successfully rented the {year} {make} {model}.")
return
print(f"Sorry, the {year} {make} {model} is not available for rent.")
def return_vehicle(self, make, model, year):
for k in self.vehicles:
if k.make == make and k.model == model and k.year == year and not k.is_available:
k.is_available = True
print(f"You have successfully returned the {year} {make} {model}.")
return
print("Invalid vehicle details. Please check and try again.")
 7. Vehicle Rental Agency Problem
agency = RentalAgency()
vehicle1 = Vehicle("Toyota", "Corolla", 2020)
vehicle2 = Vehicle("Honda", "Civic", 2019)
vehicle3 = Vehicle("Ford", "F-150", 2021)
agency.add_vehicle(vehicle1)
agency.add_vehicle(vehicle2)
agency.add_vehicle(vehicle3)
agency.display_available_vehicles()
agency.rent_vehicle("Toyota", "Corolla", 2020)
agency.rent_vehicle("Ford", "F-150", 2021)
agency.display_available_vehicles()
agency.return_vehicle("Toyota", "Corolla", 2020)
agency.display_available_vehicles()