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Unit_1_Introduction toDatabases

Uploaded by

budhah282
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management

System
Sushil Bhattarai
sushil.bhattarai@cps.edu.np

Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation


Introduction to
Databases

Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation


• Facts
Data
• Figures
• Unorganized Numbers or Text or Symbols.
• Name, age, height, weight, etc. are data related to a person.
• Bank account number, Citizenship Number, License Number are data related to
the person.
• These data can be in the format of Picture, Image, File, Document, Text, Number,
etc.
• Data if arranged relationally and processed, it then becomes information.
• Generate information from data

Name Height(ft)
Ram 4.9
Shyam 5.2
Hari 5.1
Database
• Data could be random.
• These data can be collected or stored in Database.
• Data gets updated, expanded and deleted.
• Database is a collection of structured and relevant data
stored in a computer system(generally called a server).
• Database is usually controlled by a Database Management
System(DBMS).
• Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the
applications that are associated with them, are referred to as
a database system, often shortened to just database
• Database System makes data management easy.
• Most of the application that deals with data has database
systems for storing and accessing data.
• A database has multiple tables to store data.
• Data are stored in tables in rows and columns.
Importance of Data

• Find Solutions To Problems


• Create strategies
• Access The available Resource
• Keep track of everything inside an
Organization
• Make The Most Of Money
Database & File System
Size
Is huge data supported?
Accuracy
Are there chances of entering incorrect data?
Security
Should the data be visible to everyone who access the file?
Redundancy
Is data repeated?
Inconsistency
Is data same on each copies?
Importance
computer crashes…?
Atomicity
Transaction should either happen or do not happen at all.
Why use Database?
1. store, manipulate, and extract information.
2. reduce the repeated storage of the data and improve the disk
space.
3. keep up-to-date and correct information.
4. automate the overall process of managing and processing the
system.
5. centralize the data and improve the security of the data.
6. generate reports based on stored data.
7. relations can be maintained across multiple data sets.
Data Management
• involves collecting, storing, organizing, protecting, verifying, and
processing essential data and making it available when needed.
• ensures data in corporate systems is accurate, available and accessible.
• result in better analytics.
• Result in efficient data store and retrieve.
• A managed data makes good use of available hardware and software
resources.
• Helps reduce the security risks and prevent data loss.
• Help make the accurate decision by processing data efficiently.
How Data are stored in Database

Primary objective of database is to store and retrieve data when
needed.

Data is stored in tables.

Single database consists of multiple tables

Single table consists of multiple rows and columns.

Table is the most basic building block of a database.

A table contains data, along with the definition of data type of each
column.

A table can have relationship with the other tables.

columns define what the data should be in the table

rows hold the actual values
Different Database Models
• Relational Model
• Hierarchical Model
• Network Model
• Object-oriented Model
Hierarchical Model

Organizes data into a tree-like-structure, with a single root

Hierarchy starts from the Root data, and expands like a tree, adding child nodes to
the parent nodes

A child node will only have a single parent node

Data is organized with one one-to-many relationship between two different types
of data
Network Model


Data is organized more like a graph, and have more than one parent node

Accessing the data is also easier and fast as data can be related from multiple nodes

Maps many-to-many data relationships
Relational Model


Relationships are created by dividing data into entity and attributes

Relationship is maintained by storing a common field

Information related to a particular type is stored in rows of a table

Simpler than the hierarchical and network model

High performance
Object-oriented Model
• Data model is based on class representing real world objects.
• generic objects can be defined and then reused in numerous
application.
• Provides features of Object Oriented Design like class,
encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism.
• storage of complex data structures that cannot be easily
stored using conventional database terminology.
• Contain active object servers which support both distribution
of data and distribution of work.
• Easier navigation
• Better concurrency control
Database Architecture
• uses programming languages to design a particular type of software for
businesses or organizations
• focuses on the design, development, implementation and maintenance of
computer programs that store and organize information for businesses,
agencies and institutions.
• database architect develops and implements software to meet the needs
of users.
• DBMS can be seen as either single tier or multi-tier classified as follows:
1. 1-tier architecture : involves putting all of the required components
on a single server
2. 2-tier architecture : based on Client Server architecture.
3. 3-tier architecture : mostly used in web applications and distributed
applications(presentation, application and data tier).
4. n-tier architecture : divides an application into three tiers: logic ,
presentation and Data tier.
Database Management System
• Software for creating and managing databases.
• Accessed by multiple users, from multiple locations, in a controlled manner.
• Can limit the data, a user can see, as well as how that user can view the data,
providing many views of the single data.
• Allows users to define the database, usually through Data Definition
Language(DDL)
• Allows users to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from the database,
usually through Data Manipulation Language (DML).
• Provides controlled access to database including Security, Integrity,
Concurrency.
• Provides recovery control system, which restores the database to a previous
consistent state following a hardware or software failure .
• Eg : MSSQL, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLite, IBM DB2.

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