 SYNTAX:

Create database database_name

 Example:
Create database mydata;
 SYNTAX:
 Drop database database_name

 Example:
Drop database mydata;
 SYNTAX:
 Drop database database_name

 Example:
Drop database mydata;
 SYNTAX:
Drop table table_name

 Example:
Drop table items;
 SYNTAX:
Drop table table_name

 Example:
Drop table items;
 SYNTAX:
Update table_name set column_name
= value, …
where condition;

 Example:
Update items set Dep_id=101, salary=55000
where E_id = 7;
 SYNTAX:
Delete from table_name where
condition;

 Example:
Delete from employees where E_id= 6;
 Using IN operator in WHERE clause
 Example:
▪ Delete from employees where E_id IN
(101,102);

 DELETE ALL
 Example:
▪ Delete from employees;
 Same
with delete statement with no
WHERE condition included

 SYNTAX:
 TRUNCATE table table_name

 Example:
▪ TRUNCATE table employees;
 Adding a new column

 SYNTAX
ALTER table table_name
Add column_name datatype;

 Example:
▪ Alter table employees add contact_no int(30);
 Delete a column

 SYNTAX:
ALTER table table_name
DROP column_name ;

 Example:
▪ Alter table employees drop contact_no ;
 Change a column name, data type

 SYNTAX:
ALTER table table_name
ALTER column_name datatype ;

 Example:
▪ Alter table employees alter column
contact_no int(30);
 Rename database

 SYNTAX:
RENAME database_name to
new_database_name

 Example:
▪ RENAME db_info to db_studentinfo;
 Rename statement to change several
tables

 SYNTAX:
RENAME table_name to new_table_name,
table_name to new table_name;

 Example:
▪ RENAME tb_stud to tb_studentinfo,
tb_studentinfo to tb_studs;
 Toshow columns and properties of a
table.

 SYNTAX:
DESCRIBE table_name;
SHOW COLUMNS from table_name;

 Example:
▪ DESCRIBE employees;
 Synonymous to DESCRIBE.

 SYNTAX:
EXPLAIN table_name;

 Example:
▪ EXPLAIN employees;
 AVG() returns the average value
 COUNT() returns the count of the
number of rows
returned
 SUM() returns the sum
 MAX() returns the maximum value
 MIN() returns the minimum value
 STD() returns the population
standard deviation
 VARIANCE() Use the population
standard variance
 SYNTAX:
 Select AVG(column_name) from
table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select AVG(Salary) from employee;
 SYNTAX:
 Select Count(column_name) from
table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select Count(E_id) from employee;
▪ Select Count(*) from employee;
▪ Select Count(Distinct Salary) from
employee
 SYNTAX:
 Select Sum(column_name) from
table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select Sum(Order_price) from employee;
▪ Select Sum(Distinct order) from
employee;
 SYNTAX:
 Select Max(column_name) from
table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select Max(Order_price) as higher_order
from employee;
▪ Select Max(date_order) as recent_order from
employee;
▪ Select Max(customer_name) from employee;
 SYNTAX:
 Select Min(column_name) from
table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select Min(Order_price) as higher_order
from employee;
▪ Select Min(date_order) as oldest_order from
employee;
▪ Select Min(customer_name) from employee;
 STDDEV_POP() returns the
population
standard deviation
 STDDEV_SAMP() returns the
sample
standard deviation
 Example:
 Select STDDEV_POP(order_price) as
‘Population Variance of Order prices’
from orders;

 Example:
 Select STDDEV_SAMP(order_price) as
‘Sample Variance of Order prices’ from
orders;
 VAR_POP() returns the population
standard
variance
 VAR_SAMP() returns the sample
variance
 Example:
 Select VAR_POP(order_price) as
‘Population Variance :Order prices’ from
orders;

 Example:
 Select VAR_SAMP(order_price) as
‘Sample Variance :Order prices’ from
orders;
 UCASE() -converts field to upper case
 LCASE() -converts field to lower case
 MID() -returns a substring starting
from the specified position
 CHAR_LENGHT -return a number of
characters in argument
 ROUND() -rounds a numeric field to the
number of decimals specified
 NOW() - returns the current system date
and time
 FORMAT() - formats how a field is to be displaye
 Format to uppercase

 SYNTAX:
 Select UCASE(column_name) from
table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select order_id,UCASE(customer_name),
order_price from orders;
 Format to lowercase

 SYNTAX:
 Select LCASE(column_name) from
table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select order_id,LCASE(customer_name),
order_price from orders;
 Allow users to extract characters from a
textfield by specifying the start position and
the length of the string you want to display.

 SYNTAX:
 Select MID(column_name,start,length)
from table_name;
 Example:
▪ Select order_id,MID(customer_name,1,7)
from orders;
 Count the number of characters in a
existing row.

 SYNTAX:
 Select CHAR_LENGTH(column_name)
from table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select CHAR_LENGTH(customer_name) as
‘Length’ from orders;
 Round numeric fields into a specific decimal

 SYNTAX:
 Select ROUND(column_name,decimals)
from table_name;

 Example:
▪ Select ROUND(order_price,1) from orders;
▪ Select ROUND(-order_price,1) from
orders;
 Get the current date and time of a
particular time zone

 SYNTAX:
 Select NOW(column_name,decimals)
from DUAL;
 Select NOW();
 An SQL Join clause is used to combine
rows from two or more tables, based on a
common field between them.

 INNER JOIN
 LEFT JOIN
 RIGHT JOIN
 FULL OUTER JOIN
 UNION, UNION ALL
 Return all rows from multiple tables where
the join condition is met.
 Orders
OrderID CustomerID OrderDate

10308 1 2015-04-20

10309 37 2015-01-25

10310 2 2014-12-25

Customers
CustomerID CustomerName ContactName Country

1 Xiao Lu X. Lu Beijing

2 Drew Han D. Han Canada

3 Scott Adams S. Adams Los Angeles

4 Cedric Reed C. Reed Canada

OrderID CustomerName OrderDate

10308 Xiao Lu 2015-04-20

10310 Drew han 2014-12-25

 Note:
 Inner join selects all rows from both tables as long
as there is a match between the columns. If there
are rows in the table that do not have matches in
the other table, it will not be listed.
 Return all rows from left table (table 1), with
the matching rows in the right table(table 2).
The result is null in the right side when there
is no match.

 SYNTAX:
 Select column_name from table1
left join table2 on
table1.column_name=table2.column
_name;
 Return all rows from left table (table 1), with
the matching rows in the right table(table 2).
The result is null in the right side when there
is no match.

 SYNTAX:
 Select column_name from table1
left join table2 on
table1.column_name=table2.column
_name;
 Example:
 SELECT Customers.CustomerName,
Orders.OrderID FROM Customers
LEFT JOIN Orders ON
Customers.CustomerID=Orders.Cust
omerID ORDER BY
Customers.CustomerName;
 Return all rows from the right table (table
2), with the matching rows in the left
table(table 1). The result is null in the left
side when there is no match.

 SYNTAX:
 Select column_name from table1
right join table2 on
table1.column_name=table2.column
_name;
 Example:
 SELECT Customers.CustomerName,
Orders.OrderID FROM Customers
RIGHT JOIN Orders ON
Customers.CustomerID=Orders.Cust
omerID ORDER BY
Customers.CustomerName;
 Used to combine the result-set of two or more
SELECT statements
 Each SELECT statement within the union must
have the same number of columns. The columns
must also have similar data types. Also the
columns in each select statement must be in the
same order.

 Syntax:
 SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
 Note: The UNION operator selects only
distinct values by default. To allow duplicate
values, use the ALL keyword with UNION.

 Example:
 select customerId from customers
union select customerID from orders;

 select customerId from customers