 Rule of product : If there are ‘m’ ways to do a process and there are ‘n’

ways to do another, then total number of ways of doing both process is

given by ‘m x n’
Q.In her class of 10 girls and 8 boys, the teacher has to select 1 girl AND 1 boy.
In how many ways can she make her selection?
a)80
b)90
c)70
d)65
• Rule of addition : If there are ‘m’ ways to do a process and there are ‘n’
ways to do another and we can not do both at the same time, then there are
‘m + n’ ways to choose one of the actions.

Example. If there are 3 formal shoes and 2 casual shoes then in how many
ways we can choose a footwear for a party.

F1, F2, F3, C1, C2

F1 or F2 or F3 or C1 or C2

Total ways = 3 + 2 = 5 ways

Q. There are 3 candidates for a classical, 5 for a mathematical, and 4 for a natural
science scholarship.
In How many ways one of these scholarships be awarded?
a)12
b)11
c)60
d)46

Q. Let us assume you have 3 shirts, 4 pants, 3 shoes and 2 sandals to wear. Find
in how many ways you can decide an outfit.
a)60
b)70
c)80
d)90
 Note : Multiplication ------- “ AND” (Stages)

Addition------------- “ OR” (Choice)

Difference between Permutation and Combination

Difference between Permutation and Combination

Permutation : Arrangement
: Order matters

Combination : Selection
: Order doesn’t matters
Circular Arrangement

I.Number of ways to arrange n distinct objects on n places around a circle = (n– 1)!

II.Number of arrangements of n beads for forming a necklace = (n-1)! /2

Example 1: In how many ways can 6 men be seated around a circular table?

Solution: 6 men can be seated around a circular table in (6-1)! = 5! = 5 × 4 × 3

× 2 × 1 = 120 ways.

Example 2: Find the number of ways in which 10 different beads can be

arranged to form a necklace.

Solution: 10 different beads can be arranged in a necklace (circular form)

=9!/2
Q. Determine the number of ways such that 5 men and 5 women be seated at a
round table if no two women are seated together.
a) 654870
b) 144521
c) 362160
d) 5634

Q. How many different choices can be made from 5 roses, 4 marigold and 8
sunflowers if at least one flower is to be chosen for making of garland?
a) 269
b) 270
c) 281
d) 320
Q. Find the number of ways in which 10 beads can be arranged to form a
necklace.
a)181440
b)186080
c)187890
d)178765
Combination
The combination shows the number of the ways in which we can select
different objects. In other words, each of the selections which can be made by taking
some or all of the number of the things is a combination. In combination, the
selection or the collection of things is irrespective of the order of selection.
When the selected things are arranged in all possible orders, each of the
arrangements is a permutation. A combination for selecting r items from n items is
denoted by the symbol nCr.
Illustration
Suppose you have four fruits; Apple (A), Guava (G), Pear (P), and Orange (O). You
want to select any two fruits from them. In how many ways can you select the two
fruits? What are the possible selections? The possible selections are AG, AP, AO,
GP, GO, and PO. The symbols have their respective meanings.
This selection of fruits does not depend upon the order of the selections. We can
say that there are six possible ways of selection of two fruits out of four.
Important Results Related to Combination Formula
•nCr = nCn – r

•nCn = 1 = nC0 = 1 (0! = 1)

•If nCk = nCr, then either k = r or k + r = n.

•n + 1 Cr = nCr + nC r – 1.
Example 1:
If 18Cr = 18Cr + 2, find rC5.
Solution:
We know that nCr = nC n – r, applying this formula
18
Cr = 18Cr + 2
⇒ 18C18 – r = 18Cr + 2
⇒ 18 – r = r + 2
⇒ 2r = 18 – 2
⇒ r = 16/2 = 8
Then,
8C5=56
Question 1:
If 18Cr = 18Cr + 2, find rC5.
a)56
b)78
c)89
d)67

Question 2:
In how many ways 5 students can be chosen from 12 students?
a)792
b)786
c)345
d)768
Relation Between Permutation and Combination Formula
Consider the above example of selecting two fruits from the four. If we take
into consideration the order in which we select a fruit first and then after the second
one gives a situation of permutation. Also after selecting the fruits if we arrange
them in an order the above situation of combination reduces to that of a
permutation.
Since each of the two selected fruit can arrange themselves in 2! ways. We have in
total of 12 ways of arranging the fruits. If there are n number of items out of which
we need to select r of them. The relation between a permutation and a combination
is

n
Pr = nCr × r!
 Practice Question
1. In how many ways can we select a team of 4 players out of 15 eligible players.

[A] 1365
[B] 1455
[C] 1295
[D] 1525
2. In a class there are 6 boys and 5 girls. In how many ways can a group of 5
members to be formed by selecting 3 boys and 2 girls.

[A] 350
[B] 300
[C] 250
[D] 200
3. In how many ways 3 VIPs can be seated in 3 seats of first row of a function.

[A] 3
[B] 4
[C] 5
[D] 6
4. In how many ways 5 medals of different games can be arranged in a shelf.

[A] 100
[B] 110
[C] 120
[D] 150
5. Suppose you have to choose a 3 letter password. First letter is an alphabet,
followed by a number and last one is an special character. There are 5 special
character available. Find no. of ways to choose password.

[A] 1050
[B] 1200
[C] 1300
[D] 1560
Problems on Numbers

6. How many 2 digit numbers can be made from the digits 1, 2, 3 and 4 without
repetition?

[A] 24
[B] 18
[C] 12
[D] 6
7. How many 4 digit numbers are possible with the digits 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9
without repetition?

[A] 720
[B] 480
[C] 840
[D] 320
8. How many 4 digit numbers are possible with the digits 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9 if
repetition is allowed?

[A] 2401
[B] 820
[C] 343
[D] 729
9. How many 4 digit numbers can be made from the digits 7, 8, 5, 0, and 4 without
repetition?

[A] 70
[B] 96
[C] 84
[D] 48
10. How many 3 digit numbers greater than 400 can be made with the digits 2, 3, 4,
0, 5, 6 (digits cannot be repeated)?

[A] 119
[B] 59
[C] 120
[D] 60
11. How many 3 digit numbers between 200 and 700 can be made with the digits 1,
3, 4, 0, 5, 6 (digits cannot be repeated) ?
[A] 80
[B] 120
[C] 60
[D] None of these
12. How many 3 digit number can be formed with the digits 5, 6, 2, 3, 7 and 9 which
are divisible by 5 and none of its digit is repeated?

[A] 12
[B] 16
[C] 20
[D] 24
13. How many 4 digit number can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 which
are divisible by 5 and none of its digit is repeated?

[A] 120
[B] 100
[C] 220
[D] 320
14. How many 4 digit odd number can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 if
none of its digit is repeated?

[A] 120
[B] 100
[C] 220
[D] 300
15. How many 4 digit even number can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 if
none of its digit is repeated?

[A] 120
[B] 420
[C] 220
[D] 200
16. Find the no of 4 digit numbers such that at least one of the digit is 9 (with
repetitions)?
a)648
b)678
c)987
d)234
Q. Find sum of all three-digit number
possible from 1,2,3,4 if repetition is not
allowed?
Q. Find sum of all three-digit
number possible from 2,4,5,7 if
repetition is allowed?
Question. The sum of all the numbers which can be formed by using the
digits 1,3,5,7 all at a time and which have no digit repeated, is?
a)15*1111*3!
b)16*1111*3!
c)18*1111*3!
d)16*111*3!

Question. Find the sum of all the numbers that can be formed with the digits 2,3,4,5
taken all at a time which have no digit repeated, is ?
a)14*1111*3!
b)19*1111*3!
c)20*1111*3!
d)21*111*3!
Problems on Words:

17. In How many different ways the letters of the word EQUATION can be
arranged ?

[A] 7!
[B] 8!
[C] 9!
[D] 6!
18. In How many different ways the letters of the word EQUATION can be
arranged, if it starts with letter Q ?

[A] 7!
[B] 8!
[C] 9!
[D] 6!
19. In How many different ways the letters of the word EQUATION can be
arranged, if it starts with consonants?
[A] 7!
[B] 8!
[C] 2*7!
[D] 3*7!
20. In How many ways the word OPTICAL be arranged such that all vowels are
together?
[A] 720
[B] 820
[C] 2160
[D] 1000
21. In How many ways the word OPTICAL be arranged such that all vowels are
never together?
[A] 720
[B] 1000
[C] 2160
[D] 4320
22. In How many ways letters of word PRAISE be arranged such that all
consonants are together?
[A] 3! 4!
[B] 4! 4!
[C] 3! 5!
[D] 4! 5!
23. In how many ways can the letters of word FLEECED be arranged?

[A] 410
[B] 880
[C] 840
[D] 1260
24. Find the total arrangement of the letters of the word “MISSISSIPPI?

[A] 34650
[B] 32540
[C] 28450
[D] 24560
25. In how many different ways can the letter of the word “ELEPHANT” be arranged
so that E’s are never together?

[A] 5040
[B] 15120
[C] 20160
[D] 35280
26. Find the total arrangement of the letters of the word “INVISIBILITY” such that all
‘I’ always come together.

[A] 8!
[B] 8!*5!
[C] 8!*5
[D] 7!*5!
27. In how many ways can the letters of the word “MACHINE” be arranged so that
the vowels may occupy only odd positions?

[A] 4*7!
[B] 576
[C] 288
[D] 4 * 4!
Problems on Rank

28. Find the rank of the word “CHASM” if all the words can be formed by permuting
the letters of this word without repetition are arranged in dictionary order.

[A] 24
[B] 31
[C] 32
[D] 30
29. Find the rank of the word “JAIPUR” if all the words can be formed by
permuting the letters of this word without repetition are arranged in dictionary
order.

[A] 241
[B] 122
[C] 123
[D] 242
30. Find the rank of the word “INDIA” if all the words can be formed by permuting
the letters of this word without repetition are arranged in dictionary order.

[A] 41
[B] 42
[C] 45
[D] 46
31. Find the rank of the word “GOOGLE” if all the words can be formed by
permuting the letters of this word without repetition are arranged in dictionary
order.

[A] 78
[B] 84
[C] 85
[D] 88
 Problems on Combination (Group Formation)

32. In how many ways a group of 4 men and 3 women be made out of a total of 8
men and 5 women?

[A] 720
[B] 700
[C] 120
[D] 360
33. There are 8 men and 7 women. In how many ways a group of 5 people can be
made such that the particular woman is always to be included?

[A] 860
[B] 1262
[C] 1001
[D] 1768
34. There are 4 men and 3 women. In how many ways a group of three people
can be formed such that there is at least 1 women in the group.

[A] 40
[B] 20
[C] 34
[D] 31
35. In a group of 6 boys and 5 girls, 5 students have to be selected. In how many
ways it can be done so that at least 2 boys are included.

[A] 124
[B] 526
[C] 154
[D] 431
36. A box contains ten balls out of which 3 are red and rest blue. In how many ways
can a random sample of six balls be drawn so that at most 2 red balls are included.

[A] 105
[B] 189
[C] 168
[D] 175
37. A meeting of 20 delegates is to be held in a hotel. In how many ways these
delegates can be seated around a circular table if 3 particular delegates always seat
together.

[A] 17! 3!
[B] 18! 3!
[C] 17! 4!
[D] None
Problems on Geometrical Figures

How many triangles can be formed by joining the vertices of hexagon?

[A] 20
[B] 12
[C] 24
[D] 10

How many straight lines can be formed from 11 points in a plane out of which no
three points are collinear?
[A] 20
[B] 12
[C] 55
[D] 10
The number of triangles that can be formed by 5 points in a line and 3 points on a
parallel line is
a)8C3-5C3-3
b)8C3-5C3-2
c)8C3-5C3-1
d)9C3-5C3-1

If the 11 teams members of a cricket team shake hands with each other. The total
number of handshakes would be:
[A] 10
[B] 12
[C] 55
[D] 88
40. How many diagonals can be formed by joining the vertices of hexagon?

[A] 10
[B] 12
[C] 9
[D] 8

There are 10 points in a plane of which 4 are collinear. How many different
straight lines can be drawn by joining these points.
[A] 10
[B] 12
[C] 9
[D] 40
Fill in the blank Questions

The number of straight lines joining 8 points on a circle is______.

a)56
b)58
c)60
d)78

In how many ways can 3 students be selected from a group of 12 students to

represent a school in the inter school essay competition___________.
a)560
b)580
c)220
d)780
Comparing Quantities based Questions

Column A Column B
Number of sides in figure
No. of diagonals in Octagon
having 135 diagonals

42. Find the value and compare

a)Column A is greater
b)Column B is greater
c)The two columns are equal
d)Cannot be determined
 Column A Column B
Rank of the word GOOD Rank of the word GREAT

43. Find the value and compare

a)Column A is greater
b)Column B is greater
c)The two columns are equal
d)Cannot be determined
Directions for Data Sufficiency Questions
The question is followed by two statements labeled (1) and (2) in which certain data
are given. You have to decide whether the data given in the statements are
sufficient for answering the question. Using the data given in the problem plus your
knowledge of mathematics and everyday facts, choose the answer as:

Choice 1 if statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not
sufficient.
Choice 2 if statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not
sufficient.
Choice 3 if both the statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER
statement alone is sufficient.
Choice 4 if each statement ALONE is sufficient.
Choice 5 if statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are not sufficient, and additional data
is needed.
44. A foot race will be held on Saturday. How many different arrangement of medal
winners are possible?

Statement 1: Medals will be given for 1st, 2nd and 3rd place.
Statement 2: There are 10 runners in the race.

45. How many different selections can be made?

Statement 1: A college has 10 basketball players.
Statement 2: A 5-member team and a captain will be selected out of these 10
players.
Numeric Entry Questions
Description Questions of this type ask you either to enter your answer as an
integer or a decimal in a single answer box or to enter it as a fraction in two
separate boxes—one for the numerator and one for the denominator. In the
computer-delivered test, use the computer mouse and keyboard to enter your
answer.

46. Using all the letters of the word GIFT how many distinct words can be formed?

= 4!=24
47. In how many different ways can five friends sit for a photograph of five chairs in
a row?

= 120