READING AND

WRITING SKILLS
LESSON 6: PROPERTIES OF
WELL-WRITTEN TEXTS
LESSON 1: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES
• I. Content Standard: The learner realizes that information in a written text may
be selected and organized to achieve a particular purpose.

• II. Performance Standard The learner critiques a chosen sample of each pattern of
development focusing on information selection, organization, and development.

• III. Most Essential learning Competencies:

In this module, you should be able to:
. compare and contrast patterns of development of written texts across disciplines
IV: OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON

IN THIS LESSON, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

1. IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH

PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING;
2. APPLY THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES,
STRATEGIES, OR METHODS OF WRITING; AND
3. CREATE A FULL-BLOWN ESSAY USING THE
DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING.
…..REMINISCING THE PAST……
TRY TO REMEMBER THE LAST REMARKABLE EVENT OF YOURS IN YEAR 2024.

FILL IN THE NARRATION PERSUASION DESCRIPTION PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES PROBLEM - SOLUTION
DEFINITION EXEMPLIFICATION / CLASSIFICATION COMPARISON AND CONTRAST CAUSE AND EFFECT TABLE BELOW TO SEE A VISUAL
REPRESENTATION OF THIS REMARKABLE TRAVELLING STINT OF YOURS. ADD PICTURES IF YOU SO DESIRE.
 MY MEMORABLE EXPERIENCE IN
2024
Event Event Event Event Event
Date Location Purpose Duration Aftermath
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING

Purpose of PATTERNS
 In order to write about a subject, you
need to decide how you want to write
about it.
 Writing with patterns allow you to limit
and narrow your approach to a subject.
7 PATTERNS OF
•DEVELOPMENT
Narration
• Description
• Definition
• Exemplification/Classification
• Comparison and Contrast
• Cause and Effect
• Problem-Solution
• Persuasion
 A. NARRATION
• Narration is pattern of writing that tells a story of an
event or an experience.

• You relate a sequence of events which reveals

something of importance (your main point), and all
other important events of your story (your supporting
details) to bring it to life with a detailed account of
what happened- Who was involved in the event? When
did the event happen? Where did the event occur?
• What is the focus of your narrative? A
concluding statement that emphasizes the
main point of your narrative is very
important to make sure that your readers
understand the purpose of telling the story. A
narrative paragraph usually follows a
chronological order.
EXAMPLE 1:
WHEN I WAS 11, MY COUSIN AND I DISCOVERED
HOW MUCH FUN IT WAS TO PLAY IN THE MUD. WE
WOULD PRETEND TO BE MAKING MUD PIES. SOMETIMES
WE WOULD SPLATTER EACH OTHER IN A GAME OF WAR.
ONE DAY WE IMAGINED THAT WE WERE PIGS AND
FLOPPED DOWN ON OUR BACKS IN A MUD PUDDLE.
THEN WE HAD A CONTEST TO SEE WHO COULD MAKE
THE MOST CONVINCING OINK. MY MOTHER CAME HOME,
CAUGHT WALLOWING, AND THREW A IT. SHE SAID THAT
WE HAD GOTTEN OUR CLOTHES FILTHY AND WOULD
HAVE TO WASH THEM OURSELVES. AND THEN SHE
MADE US DO IT, TOO!
EXAMPLE 2

I was seven years old when I first

became aware of terrible power of
guilt.
 GUIDELINES IN NARRATIVE
WRITING
1.Use verbs and verb phrases to move the story in
an interesting manner.
2.Use transition words to signal time or sequence
order.
3.Use descriptive language.
4.Write an introduction that grabs attention.
5.Plan your narrative using an outline or graphic
organizer.
 OUTLINE OR GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
EXAMPLE
Title: The Sad Truth
Introduction: We went to the province where I learned a lot about farmers.

Paragraph 1: We arrived at our grandparents’ house where we had dinner and watched
the news.
Paragraph 2: We went to the farm where farmers worked in the rice field.

Paragraph 3: I spoke with some of the farmers who are also my age.

Paragraph 4: We had lunch and talked about what I learned.

Conclusion: I learned from my short trip that farmers are very important in our country.
WRITING THE ENDING SENTENCE
• Show how the story ends.He said, “It’s your lucky day. That’s a
shark’s tooth!”
• (Answers will vary.)
• Tell readers what you learned.The best surprises are shared
with someone else.
• (Answers will vary.)
• Share your feelings.It made me happy to spend time with my
dad.
• (Answers will vary.)
 B. DESCRIPTION
• Description is writing by painting a word picture of person, place,
animal or thing through sensory details to create a clear and vivid
impression of the topic. Let your readers see what you see, hear what
you hear, smell what you smell, taste what you taste and feel what
you feel.
• DESCRIPTION provides details on the idea by using either a sensory or
spatial pattern.
• It details what something looks like and its characteristics.
DESCRIPTION
• A word picture.
Varieties of Description

a.Objective Description - looks into factual and

scientific characteristics of what is being described
as objectively as possible
* the writer stays away from emotional impressions or
responses and instead, describes the scene as it is.
b. Subjective Description - a sort of description
that the author would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he wants the
reader to see a character - also used in a literary
discourse when there is stereotyped image that can be
attributed to a person, place, or an event
 EXAMPLE 1:

• My favorite possession is a hand carved wooden fox

given to by one of my closest friends. His ears stand
straight up as if on the alert for guests. He holds his
head high, proud of his position in life. In his two front
paws, he carries a little round crystal candle holder
containing a burgundy candle. The fox is painted a
dark burgundy, and he stands on his hind legs as if
offering to light my way through the darkness. His tail
trails along the ground, and he looks as if, any minute,
 EXAMPLE 2:

• My mother had hair so dark that it

looked like a waterfall of ink. She
always kept it in a braid that fell to her
slim waist, and always tied with a plain
black band. The braid of black slung
over her shoulder, the plaits shining
like scales.
WRITE ONE PARAGRAPH BY DESCRIBING
THE PICTURE BELOW
3. DEFINITION
 DEFINITION
A definition explains a concept, a term,
or a subject. Its main purpose is to tell
what something is. A definition clarifies
the meaning of a word or an idea in a
simple and understandable language.
An extended definition simply defines a subject
in a fuller or more extended--more thorough--
way than does a dictionary. Typically an
extended definition has a brief introductory
paragraph of a few sentences, a body of one or
several paragraphs, and a brief concluding
paragraph. Assume, when you write an extended
definition, that you are defining something for a
student or perhaps a foreigner who never has
To write an extended definition, start with an
introductory paragraph first. Write it in just two or
three sentences as if it were a dictionary definition.
A good dictionary definition has the following parts:
1. the exact term (the who or what) being defined,
2. its classification--the class or group of people,
events, or things to which it belongs, and
3. a brief summarizing description of the term.
 4. EXEMPLIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION

• Exemplification and classification are writing and reading

strategies that help organize ideas and make writing clearer.
• Exemplification is a mode of writing that uses examples
to show, explain, or prove a point. When writing an
effective exemplification essay, remember to make a point;
to give detailed and specific examples to show, explain, or
prove a point; and to provide enough examples to get the
point across.
 EXEMPLIFICATION

•Claim: "Reading is essential for personal development."

•Examples: "For instance, many successful leaders, such
as Bill Gates, credit their success to a lifelong habit of
reading. Moreover, studies have shown that individuals
who read regularly tend to have improved cognitive
function, better vocabulary, and enhanced empathy."
 4. EXEMPLIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION

• Classification
Classification is the process of grouping items or ideas into
categories based on shared characteristics. It helps to
organize information by breaking it down into manageable
parts, making it easier to understand complex topics. This
strategy can be useful when dealing with diverse or large
amounts of information that need to be categorized.
 CLASSIFICATION
•Purpose: To organize and simplify a broad concept by categorizing it into
smaller, more digestible parts.
•Structure: Start with a broad topic and then break it down into smaller
subcategories that share common traits.
•Example:
Topic: "Types of Animals"
Categories:
Mammals: Warm-blooded, hair or fur, live births (e.g., lions,
whales, humans).
Reptiles: Cold-blooded, scales, lay eggs (e.g., snakes, lizards,
turtles).
Birds: Warm-blooded, feathers, lay eggs (e.g., sparrows, eagles,
penguins).
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
• COMPARISON
point out how two things are similar
• CONTRAST
stress how two things are dissimilar
5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
 COMPARISON
• done to illustrate how people, things, places, events,
situations, or even ideas are similar to each other
• done by making a list of similar characteristics or
qualities for each point of comparison
• signaled by words such as also, like, both, as . . . as,
similarly, in the same way, equally important, and
likewise
 CONTRAST
• done to illustrate how people, things, places, events,
situations, or ideas are different from each other
• done by making a list of the characteristics or
qualities of the subjects and then identifying the
differences between them
• signaled by words such as but, however, though, on
the other hand, and in contrast
 6. CAUSE AND EFFECT

• Cause and Effect is a logical relationship in which one event

(the cause) leads to the outcome (the effect) of another event.
It's a common rhetorical strategy used in both writing and
speaking to explain why something happens (the cause) and
what happens as a result (the effect). It helps clarify the
relationship between events and shows the consequences of
actions or phenomena.
 SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSE AND
EFFECT

• as a result
• accordingly
• because of (this)
• due to (this)
• consequently
• hence/therefore/thus
 7. PROBLEM - SOLUTION

• Problem - an unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or

difficulties that need to be solved
• Solution - a way to deal with the situation so that the troubles
or difficulties are removed
• Problem-solution pattern - used to deal with topics that
logically pose problems and present solutions
 8. PERSUASION

The Persuasion Pattern of Development is a rhetorical

strategy used to convince or influence an audience to
adopt a particular viewpoint, belief, or course of action. In
persuasive writing or speaking, the goal is to appeal to
the audience’s reason, emotions, or values, motivating
them to accept the argument or take action based on the
argument presented.
 PERSUASION

The Persuasion Pattern is a structured way of presenting

arguments to convince an audience to adopt a certain
viewpoint or take a specific action. It involves stating a clear
position, providing evidence and reasoning, addressing
counterarguments, and concluding with a strong call to action.
This pattern is used in speeches, essays, advertisements, and
debates to sway an audience by appealing to logic, emotions,
and ethics.
 PURPOSE OF THE PERSUASION PATTERN

•To persuade: To change or reinforce the audience's opinions,

attitudes, or behaviors.
•To motivate action: To encourage the audience to take
specific steps, whether it’s adopting a new perspective,
supporting a cause, or making a decision.
•To appeal to logic and emotion: Persuasion can rely on
rational arguments (logos), emotional appeals (pathos), or
ethical considerations (ethos) to sway the audience
ACTIVITY: