Chapter 14

Java Database ConnectivityJDBC

Introduction
What Is JDBC? Working with leaders in the database field, Sun developed a single API for database accessJDBC. As part of this process, they kept three main goals in mind:
1. JDBC should be a SQL-level API. 2. JDBC should capitalize (take advantage of) on the experience of existing database APIs. 3. JDBC should be simple.

Introduction
A SQL-level API means that JDBC allows you to construct SQL statements and embed them inside Java API calls

The Structure of JDBC

JDBC accomplishes its goals through a set of Java interfaces, each implemented differently by individual vendors. The set of classes that implement the JDBC interfaces for a particular database engine is called a JDBC driver. In building a database application, you do not have to think about the implementation of these underlying classes at all;
the whole point of JDBC is to hide the specifics of each database and let you worry about just your application.

The Structure of JDBC

The relationships between Java programs, JDBC API, JDBC drivers, and relational databases are shown below:

Developing Database Applications Using JDBC

Developing Database The JDBC API consists of classes and interfaces for
establishing connections with databases, sending SQL statements to databases, processing the results of the SQL statements, and obtaining database metadata.

Developing Database
Four key interfaces are needed to develop any database application using Java:
Driver, Connection, Statement, and ResultSet.

These interfaces define a framework for generic (general) SQL database access. The JDBC API defines these interfaces. The JDBC driver vendors provide implementation for them. Programmers use the interfaces.

Developing Database The relationship of these interfaces is shown below

Developing Database
A JDBC application loads an appropriate driver using the Driver interface, Connection to the database will be taken place using the Connection interface, Creating and executing SQL statements will be taken place using the Statement interface, and The result will be processed using the ResultSet interface if the statements return results. Note that some statements, such as SQL data definition statements and SQL data modification statements, do not return results.

Developing Database
The JDBC interfaces and classes are the building blocks in the development of Java database programs. A typical Java program takes the steps outlined below to access the database.

Loading drivers
An appropriate driver must be loaded using the statement shown below before connecting to a database. Class.forName("JDBCDriverClass");

Developing Database A driver is a concrete class that implements the java.sql.Driver interface. The drivers for Access, MySQL, and Oracle are listed below:

SQL Server 2000 SQL Server 2005

com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver

download download

Developing Database Establishing connections

To connect to a database, use the static method getConnection(databaseURL) in the DriverManager class, as follows:
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(databaseURL);

where databaseURL is the unique identifier of the database .

SQL Server 2000 jdbc:microsoft:sqlserver://servername:port#","username",password"

Developing Database
For example, the following statement creates a Connection object for the local MySQL database test:
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection ("jdbc:mysql://localhost/test");

The databaseURL for an Oracle database specifies the hostname, the port# where the database listens for incoming connection requests, and the oracleDBSID database name to locate a database. For example, the following statement creates a Connection object for the Oracle database on cse.ef.bdu.edu with username belay and password tiger:
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection(jdbc:oracle:thin:@cse.ef.bdu.edu:1521:oradb,belay,tiger);

Developing Database Creating statements

If a Connection object can be envisioned as a cable linking your program to a database, an object of Statement or its subclass can be viewed as a cart that delivers SQL statements for execution by the database and brings the result back to the program. Once a Connection object is created, you can create statements for executing SQL statements as follows:
Statement statement = connection.createStatement();

Developing Database
Executing statements
An SQL DDL or update statement can be executed using executeUpdate(String sql), and an SQL query statement can be executed using executeQuery(String sql). The result of the query is returned in ResultSet. For example, the following code executes the SQL statement create table Temp (col1 char(5), col2 char(5)):
statement.executeUpdate("create table Student (name char(10), id char(5), dept char(20))");

The next code executes the SQL query select name, id from Student where name = Selamawit': // Select the columns from the Student table
ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery("select name, id, dept from Student where name + " = Selamawit'");

Developing Database Processing ResultSet

The ResultSet maintains a table whose current row can be retrieved. The initial row position is null. You can use the next method to move to the next row and the various get methods to retrieve values from a current row. For example, the code given below displays all the results from the preceding SQL query.

Developing Database
The getString(1), getString(2), and getString(3) methods retrieve the column values for name, id, and dept, respectively. Alternatively, you can use getString(name"), getString(id"), and getString(dept") to retrieve the same three column values. The first execution of the next() method sets the current row to the first row in the result set, and subsequent invocations of the next() method set the current row to the second row, third row, and so on, to the last row.

Developing Database The following is a complete example that demonstrates connecting to a database, executing a simple query, and processing the query result with JDBC. The program connects to a local MySQL database and displays the students whose name is Alemitu.

1 import java.sql.*; 2 3 public class SimpleJdbc { public static void main(String[] args) 4 5 throws SQLException, ClassNotFoundException { // Load the JDBC driver 6 7 Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); 8 System.out.println("Driver loaded"); 9 10 // Establish a connection 11 Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection 12 ("jdbc:mysql://localhost/test"); 13 System.out.println("Database connected"); 14 // Create a statement 15 16 Statement statement = connection.createStatement(); 17 // Execute a statement 18 19 ResultSet resultSet = statement.executeQuery 20 ("select name, id, dept from Student where name " 21 + " = Alemitu'"); 22 23 // Iterate through the result and print the student names 24 while (resultSet.next()) 25 System.out.println(resultSet.getString(1) + "\t" + 26 resultSet.getString(2) + "\t" + resultSet.getString(3)); 27 28 // Close the connection 29 connection.close(); 30 } 31 }