HERITAGE OF TAMILS

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

UNIT _I
Language Families India- Dravidian Language
– Tamil as a Classical Language – Classical
Literature in Tamil – Secular Nature of
Sangam Literature – Distributive Justice in
Sangam Literature – Management Principles
in Thirukural – Tamil Epics and impact of
Buddhism & Jainism in Tamil Land – Bakthi
Literature Azhwars and nayanmars – Forms
of minor Poetry – Development of Modern
Literature in Tamil – Contribution of
Bharathiyar and Bharathidhasan.
HERITAGE –ROCK ART PAINTING TO
MODERN ART – SCULPTURE

UNIT_II
 Hero stone to modern sculpture – Bronze
icons- tribes and their handicrafts -Art of
Temple car making – massive Terracotta
sculptures, Village deities, Thiruvalluvar
statue at Kanyakumari, Making of Musical
Instruments – mridhangam, parai. Veenai,
yazh and nadhaswaram – Role of Temples
in social and Economic Life of Tamils,
FOLK AND MARTIAL ARTS
UNIT
_III

Therukoothu, karagattam, Villu

kaniyan pattu,
Oyilattam,
koothu,
Puppetry, Silambattam,
Leather
Valari, Tiger
dance- Sports and Games of Tamils.
THINNAI CONCEPT OF TAMILS
UNIT _IV

Flora and Fauna of Tamils & Aham and
Puram Concept from Tholkappiyam and
Sangam Literature
– Aram Concept of Tamils – Education and
Literacy during sangam Age- Ancient cities
and ports of Sangam Age- Export and import
during Sangam Age – Overseas Conquest of
Cholas.
CONTRIBUTION OF TAMILS TO INDIAN
NATIONAL MOVEMENT AND INDIAN
CULTURE

UNIT _V

Contribution of Tamils to Indian Freedom

struggle- The cultural influence of Tamils
over the other Parts of India – Self Respect
Movement –print History of Tamil Books
 LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Unit-1

Language
 "Language is a rare art that people
create and preserve" -Mu.
Varadarasan.

Language is an essential tool for
people's communication and
knowledge development.
 It is through language that the
knowledge and virtues of the
ancestors are carried to the next
 COMMENTS ON LANGUAGE

(1921) – Language is that which

 Sabir
sounds naturally and which expresses self
emerging opinions, feelings and
movements through vocal sounds.

 Noam Chomsky (1957) - Language is an

arrangement of sentences in sequence,
each sequence consisting of a set of
linguistic elements”.
 INDIAN LANGUAGE
FAMILIES
Indo-Aryan
languages(Kashmiri,hindhi,sinhalese,b
engali,Punjabi,Nephli,Bihari,marathi,Odia)

Dravidian
languages(Tamil,telugu,kannada,malayalam)
Austro-Asiatic languages(Khasic,
Munda, and Nicobarese)

Chinese Tibetan
languages(Sinono-Tibetan languages are considered older
than Indo-Aryan languages and are assumed to be referred to in the oldest

Sanskrit literature as Kiratas. )

 DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES

Dravidian languages ​form three major divisions.

1. South Dravidian
Languages
2. Middle Dravidian
languages
3. North Dravidian
languages
 SOUTH DRAVIDIAN
LANGUAGES

 Tamil
 Malayalam
 Kannada
 Kutaku (karnata ka )


Tulu ( karnataka )
 Toda(Nilgiris)
 Kota (Nilgiris)
 Koraga( karnataka )
 Irula (Nilgiris)
 MIDDLE DRAVIDIAN
LANGUAGES
 Telugu
 Kui(odisha)
 Kuvi (odisha)
 Konda(AP,Odhisha,Assam)
 Kolami(derived from
telugu-mahrastra and
telangana)
 Naiki(mahrastra)
 Pengo(odisha)
 Manda (odisha)
 Gondi(telugu-
mahrastra,chatisgarh,telan
gana
 Koya(AP)
NORTH DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES

Kuruk

h
Malto
Brahui
 WORLD CLASSIC LANGUAGES
 Greek(14BCE)

 Latin(10BC)

 Sanskrit ( 12-

17BCE,Indo aryan language )

 Persian (Indo -europhian
language)

 Arabic(afro-

asiatic)
 Hebrew

(10BC)
Tamil(srilanka,
 CLASSICAL QUALIFICATIONS
1. Antiquity
2. Uniqueness independent of other languages
3. Motherhood
4. Uniqueness
5. Literary richness and grammatical
excellence
6. General characteristics
7. Mediocrity( not ordinary)
8. Culture, expression of artistic knowledge
9. Higher thinking
10. Art Literary Unique Expression
11. Theory of Language
Important points among the Classical
status
Motherhood – Tamil has been for
mother emergence of many the
languages.
 Antiquity – the first book available in Tamil,
Tolkappiyam – mentions enmanar,
mozhimanar, enpa, mozhipa in more than
250 places. So there must have been around
10 grammar books and 100 of literary
books before the Tolkapiyam(4BC).
 Absence of other language influence – Tamil

language has remained independent despite

the influence of other languages on Tamil
due to politics, religion, business etc.
High-level thoughts
 Yathum Oore Yavarum Kelir –purananoor (UN

Council All the places on earth are our town and all the people are our relatives)
 Pirappokkum Ella Uyirkum (Thirukural-972-

By All human beings agree as regards their birth but differ as regards their
characteristics, because of the different qualities of their actions )
 Unbathu naazhi uduppavai irande

(Puranaanuru, pa. 189 சாப்பிடத் தேவை கையளவு சோறு தான்.

உடுப்பதற்குத் தேவை இரண்டு உடை தான். நானே அனுபவிப்பேன், நானே வகைவகையாகத் தின்று

தீர்ப்பேன் என்று நினைக்காமல் மற்றவர்களையும் பார் )

 Undaalamma ivvulagam - இந்திரனுக்குரிய அமிழ்தம்
கிடைத்தாலும், அது இனிமையானது என்று தனித்து உண்ண
மாட்டார்கள் (Purananuru, pa. 182).
 Panbenap paduvathu paadarinthu ozhuguthal(பண்பு
எனப்படுவது பாடறிந்து ஒழுகுதல்)
 பண்பு என்பது சான்றோர் காட்டிய வழியில் நடத்தல்
 (Kalithokai, neithal kali pa.133)
 GRAMMATICAL FLUENCY
Tholkappiyam /
pirappiyal(phonetics)
/meyppattiyal(concerned with
emotions through body) / marapiyal
(Genetics) (Six Intelligence
Discrimination)
Verb Structure / Phrase Participles
Thinai a tool to bring the subjective life records of
group society into the order of grammatical rules /
Gander / Number/ Place/ Tenses
NON-RELIGIOUS NATURE OF SANGAM
LITERATURE

 In the Sangam
literature,
messages
about religions are
not recorded at the
head level.
 On the contrary,
it is clear
that the deities
were worshiped in
a friendly manner.
NON-RELIGIOUS NATURE OF SANGAM
LITERATURE -2

1. Nature
worship
2. Kotravai
worship
is the goddess of
war and victory in
the Tamil tradition.
Atha, Mari, Suli,
and Neeli.
3.Nadukal worship - is a memorial
commemorating the honorable death of a hero in
battle
4.Velan veriyaattu - தெய்வம் மக்கள் மீது
ஆடப்படும் ஆட்டத்தை ‘வெறியாட்டு’
என்பர்
NON-RELIGIOUS NATURE OF SANGAM
LITERATURE -3
1.In Thirukkural, only God's nature
is talked about.

2.The beginning
Of Silapathikaram is a nature
praising song.
Appreciating Moon
Appreciating Sun
Appreciating Rain
NON-RELIGIOUS NATURE OF SANGAM
LITERATURE - 4
The song of praise to God was not sung for
books such as Sangam songs. (Currently
available hymns are attached as an appendix.)

In Silapathikaram, which is considered as Jain

literature, all the deities like Shiva, Tirumal,
Arukan, Kortavai and Aiyai are recorded without
any hatred.
NON-RELIGIOUS NATURE OF SANGAM
LITERATURE -5

Finally...
There have been deity worships
including Sivaniyam
(Saivism), Maliyam
(Vaishnavism), Jainism, Buddhism,
Saakya, Kaumaram, Asivakam and
various minor deity worships. But all
Sangam literatures were written with
a non-religious approach.
 MANAGEMENT IN
THIRUKKURAL
The modern Tamil dictionary definition of management is an activity
involving

 controlling,
 monitoring,
 Maintaining
An individual or a group of individuals
considering the development of an
organization and planning informed
decisions and taking the appropriate action
to implement them is generally called
management.
 Peter F. Drucker, a famous expert in the field
of management, management is an
of modern part
indispensable organizations. He emphasizes
importance of management that the the
stability development of the company an
depends on functioning of this element. d
th
 The functions of the Management Department e
are run under the leadership of the Managing
Director. The best growth of an industrial
organization depends on the leadership skills
of its leadership.That is why today's modern
management thinkers such as Luther Gulick,
Henry Fayol, known as the father of modern
management, Lyndall Urwick, Ralph Davis,
E.F.L. Brech, Coons Others such as Roo
O'Donnell (Koontz and O'Donnell) have
commented in various ways.
 All of them explained the various functions of an
organization like planning, organizing,
coordinating, controlling, staffing, directing,
motivating etc.
 In this, the following part examines the
management ideas of Luther Gulic, a modern
management scholar, 'POSDCORB' in Thirukkural
A modern management concept called
'POSDCORB'
 Planning (P)
 Organizing (O)
 Staffing (S)
 Directing (D)
 Co.ordinating (CO)
 Reporting (R)
 Budgeting (B)
P L A N N IN G (P)

Ennith Thunika Karumam Thunindhapin

Ennuvam Enpadhu Izhukku - 467
Couplet:
Think, and then dare the deed!
Who cry,
'Deed dared, we'll think,' disgraced
O R G A Nshall
I S Ibe
NG(O)
Ithanai Ithanaal Ivanmutikkum
Endraaindhu
Adhanai Avankan Vital.
இதனை இதனால் இவன்முடிக்கும் என்றாய்ந்து
அதனை ‘This
அவன்கண்
Couplet: விடல்.
man, this work shall thus
work out,’ let thoughtful king
command;
Then leave the matter wholly in
his servant’s hand.
C o .ordinating (C O )
Therindha Inaththotu Therndhennich
Cheyvaarkku Arumporul
Yaadhondrum Il – 462
தெரிந்த இனத்தொடு தேர்ந்தெண்ணிச்
செய்வார்க்கு
அரும்பொருள் யாதொன்றும் இல்.
Couplet:With chosen friends deliberate;
next use the private thought;
பழக்கமான கூட்டத்தில் தேவையானவர்களை தேர்ந்தெடுத்து
அவர்களுடன் ஆலோசித்து கூட்டாக செயல்படுபவருக்கு
அடையமுடியாத பொருள் என்று எதுவும் இல்லை.
Reporting (R)

Solluka Sollaia Piridhorsol Achchollai

Vellunjol Inmai Arindhu – சொல்லுக சொல்லைப்
பிறிதோர்சொல் அச்சொல்லை வெல்லுஞ்சொல் இன்மை
அறிந்து.
தாம் சொல்லும் சொல்லை வெல்ல, வேறொரு சொல்
இல்லை என்பதை அறிந்து சொல்லுக.
Couplet:
Speak out your speech, when once 'tis past dispute That
none can utter speech that shall your speech refute
–
Budgeting (B)
Iyatralum Eettalung Kaaththalum Kaaththa
Vakuththalum Valla Tharasu-இயற்றலும் ஈட்டலுங்
காத்தலும் காத்த
வகுத்தலும் வல்ல தரசு.

Couplet:
He is a king who is able to acquire (wealth), to lay it
up, to guard, and to distribute it.
 Aimperum kappiyangal

Silapathikaram
Manimegalai
Kundalakesi
Valayapathi
Seevaga Chintamani
Ainchiru kappiyangal
 Udayana kumara
kaviyam
 Naga kumara kaviyam
 Yasothara kaviyam
 Sulamani
 Neelakesi
 Bakthi Literature
First Tirumuṟai Devaram – Thirunnasambandar
Second Tirumuṟai Devaram – Thirunnasambandar
Third Tirumuṟai Devaram – Thirunnasambandar
Fourth Tirumuṟai Devaram – Thirunavukarasar
Fifth Tirumuṟai Devaram – Thirunavukarasar
Sixth Tirumuṟai Devaram – Thirunavukarasar
Seventh Tirumuṟai Devaram – Sundarar
The eighth Tirumuṟai- Manikkavasakar
Ninth Tirumuṟai - Thirumalikaith Devar
Tenth Tirumuṟai - Thirumoolar
The eleventh Tirumuṟai - Karaikal Ammaiyar
Twelfth Tirumuṟai - Sekizhar
 – Forms of minor Poetry –
 If something is reduced in the literature
of virtue, material, pleasure, house, or
if only something is sung, then it is
called Sitralikyam.
 Small in scale and sung only about any

one of the internal,

external, devotional and other objects
is the Sajlitak.
 The number of letters is usually stated

as 96.Among these, Aartuppa, Antadi,

Kowai, Ula, Pallu, Pillaithamil, Parani
Dootu, Kalambakam, Kuravanji etc. are
 Atruppadai

A gifted host comforts a gifted

personTolkappiyam appeared in Sangha
literature and grew up to the 20th century
AD and has now reached a large scale.
Evidence: Decimal
 Anthathi

Anthadi is singing arranged so that the last

syllable, syllable, word, chord, or beat of
each song in the book comes first. ஒரு பாடல்
முடிவில் உள்ள எழுத்து, அசை, சீர், அல்லது அடி அடுத்து வரும் பாடலின்
தொடக்கமாக அமையும் பாடல்களால் ஆனது

Testimony: The Wonderful Thiruvanthadi (First)

 Kovai
In Tamil Grammar, which is a content
grammar, a type of content short written in
all the fields is
called Kovai.
 Ula
Ula is a kind of small song sung by women of seventy
years like Pethai, Petummai, Mangai, Matantha, Ariwai,
Parilam, Parilam Bhen in any kind of vehicle such as
Lord's Lord, Lord of the world, King, Kari, Chariot, Pari
etc.
Evidence: Thirukailaya Gnana Ula (First)
யானை, குதிரை, தேர் போன்றவற்றில் ஏறி, இசைக் கருவிகளை இசைப்போர் முன்னே வர, மக்கள்
புடைசூழ நகர வீதிகளில் வருவது உலா என்னும் சொல்லால் குறிக்கப்படும். இறைவனோ அரசனோ
இவ்வாறு உலா வருதலையும், அவ்வாறு உலா வருபவரைக் கண்டு மகளிர் காதல் கொள்வதையும்
கருப்பொருளாகக் கொண்டு பாடப்படுவதே உலா இலக்கியம் ஆகும்.
 Kalambakam (Kalam (12) + Part (16)) Kalambakam –
Mixture
 Kalambakam is a type of small literature that is full
of various types of characters and internal and
external elements and rich in flavors such as jewels,
pride, vekli etc.Proof : Nandi Kalambagam (First)
 Pallu

Pallu literature describes the life of the people of

Maruta land. பள்ளு இலக்கியங்கள், வேளாண்மை குடிகளான பள்ளர்களின் வாழ்க்கை
பற்றியவைProof : Triple groove (first
 Development of Modern Literature in Tamil –
Pillaittamil
Pillaittami literature praises the Lord, the king, the leader of the
song or the songstress as a child and divides it into ten seasons.
There are two types
1. Masculine Pillaithamil, 2. Feminine Pillaithamil.
Barani
Bharani literature is sung about a hero who defeated a thousand
elephants on the battlefield Evidence: Kalingathup Parani
Messenger
A messenger is a messenger sent by one person to express his
opinion to another.
Kuravanchi
It is Kuvanji literature that a female leader who falls in love with a
male singer while he is strolling and beckons to her.
 Contribution of Bharathiyar and Bharathidhasan.

BHARATIYA  A multifaceted poet, writer, journalist, social

R reform thinker, freedom fighter, C.
Subramania Bharatiyar.
 He ran magazines like India and Vijaya and
propagated the liberation war.
 Apart from poems, he also wrote prose
works including Chandrikai's story, Darasu,
verse poems and short poems.
 Bharathidasan has praised him as the father of
Sindh, the bee of Senthamilth, the scholar who
came to sing the new virtue, and the forgetful
one who came to sing the memory.
"Themadhura
Thamizhosai world
It should be
transmitted."
 BHARATHIDASAN
 Bharathidasan's real name
was Kanaka Subburatnam.
He changed his name to
Bharathidasan because of his
love for Bharathi’s poetry.
 His works include Pandian

Prize, Laughter of Beauty,

Dark House, Family Lamp,
Tamil Movement etc.
 All the poems composed by
him have been compiled under
the title 'Poems of Pavendar
Bharathidasan'.
 His play 'Pisiranthaiyar' has

been awarded the Sahitya

Women's Rights
Uneducated women The land of darkness! in that land Grass
can grow; Pretty good Sons don't grow!
Scientific Vision
If you eat something, the people of this world will speak.
Putting another one in the mouth that listens well The earthly
view is as if it were the other
You can see it in front of the eye.
Sense of Community
The world in the dark room, caste There is also the
south one that exists! A wandering religious leader lives
When is the day when the mouth and the hands will
disappear?