MW English)
MW English)
MW English)
f1
f1
f2
f1
H H V
The line from receiver branch system to transmit
antenna we called transmission line
1The requirement of transmission loss must
lowerb restrict energyprevent radiate
2Type of transmission lineaCoaxial lineb
Empty waveguide
3Main feature loss of each meter dB/m
ELLIPTICAL WAVEGUIDES
Use: outdoor installation (pressurized waveguides)
Loss: useful formula for
standard waveguides
A.dB/meter ~
F Ghz
100
plastic envelop
Semi-rigid brass elliptical waveguide
Length:
120 meters
20lgP( )
a
0
10 5 0 5 10
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
ANTENNA
1Action of antennareceive or send radio wave which bring
information
2Main feature:
a. Half power angleat antenna direct mapThe angle relative to
principal axis direction which is the half power
1.03/D(radian) : wav legth D: antenna diameter
b. Gainin the case the same intensity electric produce at space
The ratio between Ideal input power and fact input power
G=4D/(. ) D: diameter wave length using coefficient
PARABOLIC ANTENNAS
Parabolic
reflector
Polar. H
Polar. V
Radme
(Reduction of backward
and side-lobe radiation > 15 dB)
u3 dB ~ 58 /R (uniform illumination)
Gain = 10 log 0.55
( )
t2R
Polarization decoupling H/V, XPD > 30 dB
2
R
High performance
antenna
Skirt + Radome
+
Site and
azimuth
orientation
Radiation Pattern Envelop of Antenna
Radiation Pattern Envelop of Antenna
Antenna Performance
IRON TOWER
REQUIREMENT
1Antenna heights requirementaccord with the rule of air
departmentin the peak of tower have aviation symbol
2Have enough intensionCan endure load build on it (such
as windrainsnow)the swing angle at the location of antenna
less than/2(is antenna half power angle)
3Grounding resistanceless than 5Ohmlightning rod must
build in the top
name spec Net weightKG
WTG03-71DAR 0.3m 11.5
WTG06-71DAR 0.6m 14
WTG12-71DAR 1.2m 43
WTG16-71DAR 1.6m 68
WTG20-71DAR 2.0m 117
WTG25-71DAR 2.5m 190
WTG32-71DAR() 3.2m 280
2Radio wave transmit
Radio wave transmit in the free space
1Transmit loss of free space
Free space is a perfect infinity vacuum spaceRadio
wave cannot bring reflectingrefractionand dispersion
When radio transmit in free spaceloss will cause Distance
more farenergy received less The fade caused by radio
wave transmit is called free space lossThe formula is
2RX Signal in free space
) ( lg 20 ) ( lg 20 4 . 92
0
GHz f km d L + + =
GHz f
0
) ( ) ( L L L L G G P P
Er r t t t t ro
+ + + =
; dBm P
t
; dB G G
t t
; dB L L
t r
; dB L
Er
In fact the space which radio wave transmit by I not free
space In this coursereflect caused by grounddispersion by
particle of the atmosphereIn a word the medium and object
on the circuitry will bring influence for the range and phase of
radio wave
Attenuation feature of radio wave transmit
1ATTENUATION
The irregularly change of receiver
a). classify by attenuation mechanism
dispersion K typechannel and mix .mostly factor is
refractive index is changed with time ,location ,heightsin a word
attenuation have someth with terrain and time
b). Classify by attenuation time
Quick attenuationThe duration is several ms a small s
Slow attenuation The duration is seconds to hours
c). Classify by eletricity calm
up attenuationreceive calm more than in free space
down attenuation receive calm less than in free space
2Change rule of attenuation
a). Frequency more higherpath distance more longerattenuation
Is more serious
b). nighttime is more serious than daytimesummer is more
serious than winter
c). sunshine windless is more than cloudy rain day
(dB/Km)
1GHz 7.5GHz 12GHz 23GHz 60GHz
0.01dB
10dB
1dB
0.1dB
d)circuitry on water is more serious than on land
e)circuitry on plain is more serious than hill
f)when sun sunrise and sundownfade is serious
3the product mechanism of attenuation
a) absorb by atmosphere
any physical molecule is make up of particleeach
particle have its frequency when the frequency across is
near its self so resonate absorb is producedStatistics
indicate atmosphere absorb can ignore when frequency
blow 12GHzabsorb blow 1dB
b). Fade of rain
The little rain drop can cause dispersion to radio wave
statistics indicate rain and fog have little effect to 10GHz
micro wave ,but have great effect to micro wave above 10GHz
rainfall different have much effect to micro wave
Even cause communicate break
c)attenuation by dispersion
This margin is caused by press of atmospherethe
particle formative by temperature humidity different with
all round so dispersion is caused
K
d)Fade of k
its caused by multipath transmit, its caused by
stright and ground reflect which arrived at
receiver ,phase is different
when circuitry designshould avoid circuitry
across great water and open plain
e)Fade of channel
effect by climate such ground burnt in the day cool in
nightWhen radio wave across refraction caused
fmixed fade
Involve of k fade ,channel fade atmosphere fade
Ways of avoid fade
when fade is caused SRN is lowerdeep fade may
cause communication breakIn order to make sure
transmit quality and reliabilitymust adopt some
measure to avoid fade
1Frequency diversity
Frequency diversity is which adopt two or more
frequency which have a distance send and receive the
same signal at the same time next compose or select
lighting the effect of fade
disadvantage is effect better only need one couple of
antenna But frequency have not make full use of
requirement for frequency frequency relativity is little
10 /
10
*
8 . 0
Fd
f
f
d f
I
A
=
f/f-
2GHzf11GHz; 30kmd70km; f/f5.
I5
ODU x2
1+1 IDU
IF Cable
Hybrid
Antenna
REAR VIEW
ODU #1 ODU #2
Hybrid
to ODU #1
to ODU #2
1+1 IDU
IF Cable
RF Coaxial Cable
Hybrid
Antenna
ODU #1
ODU #2
RF CABLE CONNECTION
2 SPACE DIVERSITY
Diversity is that one frequency received by two or more antenna which
is not the same size, next copose or select a stronger signal
The advance of frequency diversity is can improve effect
economic frequencyBut equipment complex ,need tow couple
antenna is its disadvantage.
The key of space diversity is make sure two couple of antenna is
appropriate, altitude difference is enoughso antenna can work in
reverse phasic when decline is appearnow the decline can avoid
p1 p2
( ) | |
10 / ) V Fd ( 04 . 1 48 . 0 12 . 0 87 . 0 4
10 p d F S 10 34 . 3 exp 1 I
=
2 1
G G V =
Fd-Pdb.
p
SPACE DIVERSITY
Principle
dB
hm
h1
h2
F1
h1
h2
F1 F1
d
>
1
0
0
Combineur
Combined IF output
Receivers
Path
equalization
Two operating modes:
1 - minimum distorsion for an high level received
2 - maximum power for a weak level received (s - 65 dBm)
N
N
(F1)
(FI)
R1
R2
Climatic reflection
t
o
1
5
0
1+1 IDU
IF Cable
Main Antenna
ODU #1
ODU #2
Div. Antenna
SPACE DIVERSITY SYSTEM
1+1 IDU
IF Cable
Main Antenna
ODU #1
ODU #2
Div. Antenna
RF Coaxial Cable
SPACE DIVERSITY SYSTEM
3 Angle diversity
Angle diversity use the same antenna send the same signal with
use two antenna receive main signal at receive side
the feature is two main wave received are different effect is
better , but complex
4 Polarization diversity
ITS using the same antenna send the same signal with two
polarizationone antenna receive polarization signal at receive side
next composed
5Mix diversity
combination with frequency diversity and space diversity
5 Avoid reflection by terrain
by the best design of antenna heightsreflection wave avoid
or in the ground which reflectance is little
statistics feature of fade
stat indicatemargin and terrain have relate with path length
Terrain and path length different margin is different
1Path distance d
The rule is d more longerAttenuation is more d more shorter
Attenuation is lessen sothe relay distance relay on the parameter of the
equipment such as work frequencyterrainclimateantenna heights and
some test datagenerallythe region which transmit condition is betterD can be
longerotherwise D cant be too long
Besides also should calculate D too long or too short will bring receive
electric calm is too high or too lowReceive signal above normalReceive signal
blow normalTwo case can bring error code increasesometime communication
will break
so when have no fade circuitry design must enable the
difference between receiver signal an normal less than 6dB2
profile
Relay on terrain, climate, antenna heightsthe profile can
divided four type
A(HILL)Its made up of hill ,building, no rain and lakeThe
reflectance is less than 0.5
B hillThe profile is make up of hill which is not toobighave no big river and
lake The reflectance of this circuitry blow 0.7the receive electric calm bring up by
ground reflect is less than 10 DB
C plainThe profile is make up of flat ,water
The profile is which more plain or water reflectance is more than 0.7The rx
signal decline than 10db is caused by ground reflectWater more the multipath
fade is more serious by atmosphere asymmetry
D seaMake up of sea most above the waterThe attenuation caused by
atmosphere asymmetry is more serious of this kind circuitry which is the badly
circuitry transmit for radio wave
The mission of microwave circuitry design is avoid the profile of cDselect A
BIf difficulty to implementso need add diversity and protect,or select the
equipment which have resist mutipath
3Stat rule of attenuation
After great test and satthe attenuation of microwave rule with ruilin
distributingIts feature is quick and deepWhen the rule used in
microwave communicationin the view of condition of transmit the
formula is
10 / Fd
N
10 P P
=
c B
R
d Qf k P
1
=
Design is at the base of reconnaissance the tool need is :
1. GPS satellite receiver 1
2. compass 1
3. ruler 30 M
4. 1/50000 Relief map
5. Magnifier 1
6. Pencil, Eraser
7. Frequency chart 1
8. Microwave transmitter 1
9, Test antenna 2side
3TRANSMIT PROJECT DESIGN
In microwave circuitry design two work is important one is select suit antenna
heightsthe other is calculate by circuitry break ratedecided the configure of equipment
and frequency
Design of antenna heights
The newly contract circuitryantenna heights is an inportant factor of communication
If antenna heights is not suitablythe equipment is advancedalso difficulty to get better
quality of communication
The design of antenna heightsthe most is control the spare of circuitrymake sure
reflect wave is avoid or reflect point is at the ground which k is small.
1Spare atandard
KKmin Hc/F10.3 for the barrier like knife k=0
K4/3 Hc/F10.6
K Hc/F1<1.35
when calculate sparethe heights of building and tree on the circuitry I also
consider
Select of circuitry work point
0 -0.5 -1.0 0.5 1
1.5
2 2.5
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Vdb
0.577 1.414
Hc/F1= n
6
A
B
h
1
h
2
d
d
1
d
2
hp
hc
hs
M
F
h3
h4
h5
h6
2
0
10D
2
0
17.1*D*D/
D
2Requirement of near antenna region
a)paraboloid antenna
widen terrain
1m antenna antenna heights is 4.1m
1.5m antenna antenna heights is 6.2m
2m antenna antenna heights is 8.3m
3.2m antenna antenna heights is 13.2m
b)
<50m <50m
5
D=d1+d2 d2=
D D
d1=
h
2
d2 d1
h
1
h1
h1+h2
h2
h1+h2
3calculate of reflect point
the purpose of calculate reflect point is control its location,
adjust by antenna heightsavoid reflect point on water or the region
which reflectance is height
generallyimprove the stability need avoid the line of reflect
Smoothly ground
h
1
h
2
d1
d2
terrain of sphericity
) 240 3 / cos( q 2 2 / d d
1
+ | + =
) km (
) q q / ( cos
1
= |
4 / ) h h ( K 5 . 8 ) 12 / d ( q
2 1
2
+ + =
4 / ) h h ( Kd 37 . 6
1 2
=
We can draw conclusion from above formulareflect pointd1(d2)is
the function of antenna heights control antenna heights the reflect point
is also controlreflect point also is the function of kthe value of k is
change with terrainso reflect point also is a regionthe purpose of
antenna heights design is avoid reflect region in the region of reflectance
64kb/s 64kb/s
27500km
Break rate of circuitry
circuitry design high error code is the design feature
Because if high error code is satisfy the lower also can
satisfy.
1reference circuitry
Suggestion by CCIRfor digital link and circuitry which
capacity is 64kthe longest circuitry can reach27500Km
make up by three grade channelas follow chart
The total length of highness digital channel is 2500km
main application is international and inter trunk
Intermediate is 1250kmmain application is inter branch
The customer channel is 50kmmain apply in local digital
switch and links between 64kb/s customer
2Digital microwave channel feature
high circuitry (2500km)
The time which in any month one seconds error rate than 1E-3
less than 0.054
middle circuitry(1250km)
The time which in any month one seconds error rate than
1E-3 less than 0.04.
consumer circuitry(50km)
The time which in any month one seconds error rate than
1E-3 less than 0.015
3Target assign
Consider relay path is different the longer is more easy to
breakSo CCIR930 suggest the break feature should assign to
every sect
% 054 . 0
2500
=
D
P
e
% 04 . 0
1250
=
D
P
e
high
circuitry
Middle
circuitry
Consumer circuitry 0015
Common circuitry calculate
.Location selection and route profile
The hill and mountain forest which altitude difference more is the
best choice for route selectionone side higherthe other lower
shape highlow model circuitrythe better is have hill which up
and down but cant avoid line of sight the profile is indentation, so the
radio wave avoided reflection decline. the location satisfy that case
close the place which living ,traffic ,power is convenient as possiblein
order to maintenance economic invest
Many other factors should be consider , such as disturb by route
radarThunder in the region should also be consider ,lightning rod
should build.
Relay on profile data ,draw profile mapaccording to
spare stand to decide antenna heights
Follow question must attentivethe circuitry reflect more
adjust antenna heights avoid reflect or reflect point at the
ground reflectance is small
antenna azimuth angle
( ) ( ) | | { }
1 2 1 2 1 1 2
1
A
cos sin tg cos / sin tg e e e e = o Z
2 2 1 1
B A e e
Pth
t
Pr
P
. Transmit attenuation in free space
) lg( 20 4 . 92
0
f D L + =
. RX signal of free space
0
) ( ) ( L L L L L G G P P
br bt fr ft r t t r
+ + + + =
.Average margin
th r
F P F =
The conclusion drew from that chart is fade reserve
morethe possibility of incept calm decline to limited is less
So add margin reserve can improve system featureThe
way add such as increase the output power transmitter
increase gain of antenna
.calculate the probability of circuitry breaken
P P P P
.calculate the value of circuitry target
% 04 . 0
1250
=
d
P
p
.Calculate target Spare
P
P
M
p
lg 10 =
IF M>3dB Proper
IF M<3dB Inproper
adjust output powerincrease antennaadd
shorten path distance
The link frequency above 10GHzrain Attenuation should
calculatein order to meet the performance
After the spare of link performance is enoughthe work
such as equipment frequency configure should take out
Path condition
KQ
B
C
Mountain(Re<0.5)
1.07210
-4
1
1.30
Hill(0.5<Re<0.7)
2.7510
-5
1
1.80
Plain(Re>0.7)
2.88410
-5
1
2.20
Sea
2.63010
-6
1
3.20
10 / Fd c B
1
10 d Qf K P
=
Equipment configuration
At the case of power is decided, the size of antenna is the main
factor which is lie on path distance , generally require loss
above 30--35dBmWhen the terrain is plain,the rule of antenna
configuration is :
path distance Km diameter m diameter m
<10Km 0.6 0.6
10<D<16 0.6(1.2) 1.2(0.6)
16<D<25 1.2 1.2
25<D<30 1.5(1.2) 1.2(1.5)
30<D<36 1.5 1.5
36<D<40 1.5(2.0) 2.0(1.5)
40<D<45 2.0 2.0
45<D<48 2.4(2.0) 2.0(2.4)
48<D<50 2.4 2.4
If profile is better ,such as hill and mountainous, so diameter
can minish ;if profile is water ,so need enhance .