Introduction to Object-

Oriented Programming

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 Introductions
• A Programming language is a notational
system for describing tasks/computations in a
machine and human readable form.
• Most computer languages are designed to
facilitate certain operations and not others:
– numerical computation, or text
manipulation, or I/O.
• More broadly, a computer language typically
embodies a particular programming
paradigm.

• Which programming language?

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 Introductions
• What is a "programming paradigm"?
– Paradigm: "A philosophical and theoretical framework of a
scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and
generalizations and the experiments performed in support of
them are formulated;
– broadly: a philosophical or theoretical framework of any kind“
• Paradigms as “ways of organizing thought”
– Programming paradigm = The basic structuring of thought
underlying the programming activity.
• E.g.. when you think of a programming problem, what are you
thinking of?
– the sequence of actions to perform (first download the file, then display it)
– how to divide the problem-space into sub-tasks (to compute the spanning tree,
i can divide the graph arbitrarily in two, and then …)
– what are the agents involved (sensors, a simulator, a renderer, …)
– what data do we need to handle? do we need intermediate representations?
what are the relations between the different forms?
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 Programming Paradigms :
Programming languages
• Since a task can be solved in different ways
(paradigms), the language used to describe
the solution differs in abstractions, structures
due to the way in which the problem is solved.
• A programming paradigm is a fundamental
style of computer programming.
• Programming paradigms differ in:
– the concepts and abstractions used to represent
the elements of a program (such as objects,
functions, variables, constraints, etc.)
– the steps that compose a computation (assignation,
evaluation, data flow, control flow, etc.).
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 Programming Paradigms :
Programming languages
.
Imperative/ Object
Algorithmic Declarative Oriented

Functional Logic
Programming Programming
Algol Lisp Prolog Smalltalk
Cobol Haskell Simula
PL/1 ML C++ , C#
Ada Miranda Java ,VB
C APL
Modula-3

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 Imperative paradigms
 It is based on commands that update variables in
storage.
 Explicitly tells the computer "how" to accomplish it.
 The Latin word imperare means “to command”.
 E.g GO TO command
 The language provides statements, such as
assignment statements, which explicitly change the
state of the memory of the computer.
 This model closely matches the actual executions of
computer and usually has high execution efficiency.
 Includes procedural & structured programming
 Many people also find the imperative paradigm to
be a more natural way of expressing themselves.
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 Imperative paradigms
 Advantages :
 Efficient;
 Close to the machine;
 Popular;
 Familiar.
 Disadvantages :
 The semantics of a program can be complex to
understand or prove
 debugging is harder;
 Abstraction is more limited than with some
paradigms;
 Order is crucial, which doesn't always suit itself to
problems.
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Functional programming paradigms
 In this paradigm we express computations as the
evaluation of mathematical functions.
 Functional programming paradigms treat values
as single entities.
 Unlike variables, values are never modified.
 Instead, values are transformed into new values.
 Computations of functional languages are
performed largely through applying functions to
values,.
 It uses functions to perform everything.
 It is a form of declarative programming.
 In this, the command execution order is not
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Functional programming paradigms
 Advantages:
 The high level of abstraction, removes the possibility of
committing many classes of errors;
 The lack of dependence on assignment operations, allowing
programs to be evaluated in many different orders.
 This evaluation order independence makes function-oriented
languages good candidates for programming massively parallel
computers;
 The absence of assignment operations makes the function-
oriented programs much more amenable to mathematical
proof and analysis than are imperative programs.
 Disadvantages:
 Perhaps less efficiency
 Problems involving many variables or a lot of sequential
activity that are sometimes easier to handle imperatively or
with object-oriented programming.
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 Logic programming paradigms
 The Logical Paradigm takes a declarative
approach to problem-solving.
 Various logical assertions about a situation are
made, establishing all known facts.
 Then queries are made.
 The role of the computer becomes
maintaining data and logical deduction.
 Logical Paradigm Programming:
 A logical program is divided into three sections:
1. a series of definitions/declarations that define the problem
domain
2. statements of relevant facts
3. statement of goals in the form of a query
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 Logic programming paradigms
 While the functional paradigm emphasizes the
idea of a mathematical function, the logic
paradigm focuses on predicate logic, in which
the basic concept is a relation.
 Logic languages are useful for expressing
problems where it is not obvious what the
functions should be.
 For example consider the uncle relationship:
 a given person can have many uncles, and another
person can be uncle to many nieces and nephews.
 Let us consider now how we can define the
brother relation in terms of simpler relations and
properties father, mother, and male.
 Using the Prolog logic language
Object Oriented one can
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 Logic programming paradigms
clauses
brother(X,Y) :- /* X is the brother of Y */
/* if there are two people F and M for which*/

father(F,X), /* F is the father of X */

father(F,Y), /* and F is the father of Y */
mother(M,X), /* and M is the mother of X */
mother(M,Y), /* and M is the mother of Y */
male(X). /* and X is male */
 Predicates
 mother(sara, jack). /* sara is the mother of jack */ is
fact.
 Query
? mother(sara, jack).
Yes
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 Logic programming paradigms
 Advantages:
 system solves the problem, so the programming
steps themselves are kept to a minimum;
 Proving the validity of a given program is simple.

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 The Object-Oriented Paradigm
 Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a paradigm
in which real-world objects are each viewed as
separate entities having their own state which is
modified only by built in procedures, called
methods.
 Alan Kay characterized the fundamental of OOP as
follows:
– Everything is modeled as object
– Computation is performed by message passing:
• objects communicate with one another via message passing.
– Every object is an instance of a class where a class
represents a grouping of similar objects.
– Objects are organized into classes, from which they
inherit methods and equivalent variables.
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 The Object-Oriented Paradigm
 Inheritance: defines the relationships between classes.
 Inheritance gives OOP its chief benefit over other
programming paradigms - relatively easy code reuse
and extension without the need to change existing
source code.
 The Object Oriented paradigm focuses on the objects
that a program is representing, and on allowing them
to exhibit "behavior".
 Unlike imperative paradigm, where data are passive
and
procedures are active, in the O-O paradigm data is
combined with procedures to give objects, which are
thereby rendered active.

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 Fundamental Principles of OOP

1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Methods and Messages
4. Abstraction
5. Inheritance
6. Encapsulation
7. Polymorphism

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 OOP Concepts
 In object-oriented programming (OOP), programs are
organized into objects
 The properties of objects are determined by their class
 Objects act on each other by passing messages.

 Object
 Definition:
An object is a software bundle that has State and
Behavior.
 Software Objects are often used to model real-world
objects.
 Example:
dogs have states (name, color, hungry, breed) and
behaviors (bark, fetch, and wag tail).
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 Object Examples
 Example 1: Dogs
 States: name, color, breed, and “is hungry?”
 Behaviors: bark, run, and wag tail
 Example 2: Cars
 States: color, model, speed, direction
 Behaviors: accelerate, turn, change gears

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 Class
 Definition: A class is a blueprint that defines
the states and the behaviors common to all
objects of a certain kind.
 In the real world, you often have many objects
of the same kind.
 For example, a guard dog, herding dog, snoop
dog . . .
 Even though all dogs have four legs, and bark,
each dog’s behavior is independent of other
class Dog {
dogs.
 For example: // state and behavior
 Dog #1 is a black Poodle,}
 Dog #2 is a redObject
Irish Setter
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 Methods
 An Object's behavior is defined by its
methods
 Methods, like fields, are written inside the
braces of the class
 Methods can access the fields (the state) of
their object and can change them
class Dog {

String name; // field

public void bark() { // behavior

...
}
}
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 Message
 Definition: Software objects interact and
communicate with each other by sending
messages to each other.

 Example: when you want your dog to gather a

herd of goats, you whistle and send him out.

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 Inheritance
 Inheritance is a mechanism in which one
object acquires all the states and behaviors of
a parent object.
 Inheritance allows child classes inherits the
characteristics of existing parent class
 Attributes (fields and properties)
 Operations (methods)
 Child class can extend the parent class
 Add new fields and methods
 Redefine methods (modify existing behavior)
 A class can implement an interface by
providing implementation for all its methods.
 Inheritance is same asCoSc2051
specialization.
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 Inheritance
 Inheritance terminology

base class /
derived class inherits parent class

class implements interface

derived interface implements base interface

E.g. A old style television (idiot box) is

transformed with extra features into slim and
smart television where it re-used the properties of
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 Inheritance – Benefits
 Inheritance has a lot of benefits
– Extensibility
– Reusability
– Provides abstraction
– Eliminates redundant code
 Use inheritance for building is-a relationships
– E.g. dog is-a animal (dogs are kind of animals)
 Don't use it to build has-a relationship
– E.g. dog has-a name (dog is not kind of name)

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 Inheritance – Example
. Base class
Person
+Name: String
+Address: String

Derived class Derived class

Employee Student
+Company: String +School: String
+Salary: double

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 Encapsulation
 Encapsulation is a process of wrapping code
and data together into a single unit.
 Encapsulation is the process of grouping data
in a single section.
 Encapsulation hides the implementation
details
 Class announces some operations (methods)
available for its clients – its public interface.
 All data members (fields) of a class should be
hidden.
 Accessed via properties (read-only and read-
write).
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 No interface members should be hidden
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 Encapsulation – Example
 Example: Complete television is single box
where all the mechanism are hidden inside
the box all are capsuled.
 Data fields are private.
 Constructors and accessors are defined
(getters and setters)
Person
-name : string
-age : TimeSpan

+Person(string name, int

age)
+Name : string { get;
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 Encapsulation – Benefits
 Ensures that structural changes remain local:
 Changing the class internals does not affect any
code outside of the class
 Changing methods' implementation does not reflect
the clients using them
 Encapsulation allows adding some logic when
accessing client's data
 E.g. validation on modifying a property value
 Hiding implementation details reduces
complexity -> easier maintenance.
 We can make a class read-only or write-
only:
 for a read-only –Object
a getter method and write-only - a
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 Polymorphism
 Polymorphism is a concept in which we can
execute a single operation in different ways.
 Polymorphism is same as generalization.
 Polymorphism = ability to take more than one
form (objects have more than one type)
 A class can be used through its parent interface
 A child class may override some of the behaviors of
the parent class
 Polymorphism allows abstract operations to
be defined and used.
 Abstract operations are defined in the base class'
interface and implemented in the child classes
 Declared as abstract or virtual
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 Polymorphism
 Why handle an object of given type as object
of its base type?
– To invoke abstract operations
– To mix different related types in the same
collection
 E.g. List<object> can hold anything
– To pass more specific object to a method that
expects a parameter of a more generic type
– To declare a more generic field which will be
initialized and "specialized" later

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 Polymorphism
Abstra
. class
ct
Figure Abstract
action
+CalcSurface() : double

Concrete
class Square Circle
-x : int -x : int
-y : int -y : int
Overriden -size : int -radius: int Overriden
action action

override CalcSurface() override CalcSurface()

{ {
return size * size; return PI * radius * raduis;
} }
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 Abstraction
 Abstraction is a process of hiding the
implementation details and showing only
functionality to the user.
 Abstraction means hiding internal details and
showing the required things.
– E.g.: pressing the accelerator will increase the
speed of a car.
– But the driver doesn’t know how pressing the
accelerator increases the speed – they don't
have to know that.
 Technically abstract means something
incomplete or to be completed later.
 In Java, we can Object
achieveOriented abstraction
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 Overview of Java Programming
 Java is an object-oriented programming
language
 The Java programming language was created
by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
 It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity
has grown quickly since
 Its primary feature is that it could function
nicely in a networked environment.
 The explosion of WWW created an
environment in which the language could live.

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 Overview of Java Programming
 Java technology can be seen as both a
language and a platform.
 Using it you can write applications that can
run on practically any device, including a PC,
PDA, a cellular phone or a television.
 The Java platform is formed from two
components:
– The Java application programming interface
(Java API)
 Set if libraries that are used to accomplish tasks such as
creating GUIs, performing file I/O and establishing network
comm.
– The Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 Is in charge of executing your
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environment.
 Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic
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 Java Program Structure
 In the Java programming language:
– A program is made up of one or more classes
– A class contains one or more methods
– A method contains program statements
 These terms will be explored in detail
throughout the course
 A Java application always contains a method
called main

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 Java Program Structure
.// comments about the class

public class MyProgram

{

// comments about the method

public static void main (String[] args)

{
method body method header

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 Development Environments
 There are many tools to do java programming, to
the very least you need to have
 Sun Java Development Kit (JDK/ Recent version JDK 8)
 Text editor such as Microsoft Notepad
 Integrated Development Environment IDE for Java
 NetBeans (from Sun/Oracle)
 Eclipse (from IBM)
 Borland JBuilder
 BlueJ
 JCreator
 DrJ
 IntelliJ
 Android Studio and
 Many others
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 The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine
 A programmer writes Java programming
statements for a program called source code
 A text editor is used to edit and save a Java source
code file.
 Source code files have a .java file extension.
 A compiler is a program that translates source
code into an executable form.
 A compiler is run using a source code file as input.
 Syntax errors caught during compilation if exist.
 Syntax errors are mistakes that violate the rules of
the programming language.
 Compiler creates another file that holds the
translated instructions and it is called byte code.
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 The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine
 A program written in a high-level language like
java is called a source program.
 Since a computer cannot understand a source
program. Program called a compiler is used to
translate the source program into a machine
language program called an object program.
 The object program is often then linked with
other supporting library code before the object
can be executed on the machine.

Source File Compiler Object File Linker Excutable File

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 The Compiler and the Java Virtual
Machine
 Most compilers translate source code into
executable files containing machine code.
 The Java compiler translates a Java source file
into a file that contains byte code instructions.
 Byte code files end with the .class file extension.
 Byte code instructions are the machine
language of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and
cannot be directly executed by the CPU.
 The JVM is a program that emulates a micro-
processor.
 The JVM executes instructions as they are read.
 JVM is often called an interpreter.
 Therefore, Java is both
Object compiled
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 Compiling Java Source Code
 With Java, you write the program once, and
compile the source program into a special
type of object code, known as bytecode.
 The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below.
 Java Virtual Machine is a software that
interprets Java bytecode.
Java Bytecode

Java Virtual
Machine

Any
Computer

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 Program Development Process
.
Saves Java statements Source code
Text editor
(.java)
r e a d by
Is
Produces Byte code
Java compiler (.class)
t e d by
e rp re
Is int
Java Results in Program
Virtual Execution
Machine

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 Multiple Compilers
 Because different operating systems
(Windows, Macs, Unix) require different
machine code, you must compile most
programming languages separately for each
platform. Unix
compiler
program

compiler MAC

compiler
Win

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 Your First Java Program
 Open your text-editor and type the following
piece of Java code exactly:
class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[]
args) {

System.out.println("Hello World!");

}
}
 Save this file as HelloWorld.java (watch
capitalization) in the following directory:
c:\java

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 Compiling and Running Your First
Program
 Open the command prompt in Windows
 To run the program that you just wrote, type at the
command prompt: cd c:\java
 Your command prompt should now look like this: c:\
java>
 To compile the program that you wrote, you need to
run the Java Development Tool Kit Compiler as follows:
At the command prompt type: c:\java> javac
HelloWorld.java
 You have now created your first compiled Java program
named HelloWorld.class
 To run your first program, type the following at the
command prompt: c:\java>java HelloWorld
Although the file name includes the .class
extension , this part
Objectof the name
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when running the program with the Java interpreter.
 Creating, Compiling, and Running
Programs
.
Create/Modify Source Code

Source code (developed by the programmer)

Saved on the disk
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Source Code
}
}

Compile Source Code

Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM i.e., javac Welcome.java
to read and interpret, not for you to understand)
…
Method Welcome() If compilation errors
0 aload_0 stored on the disk
…
Bytecode
Method void main(java.lang.String[])
0 getstatic #2 …
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
5 invokevirtual #4 …
8 return Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome

Result

If runtime errors or incorrect result

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 Types of Java Program
 Types All Java programs can be classified as
Applications and Applets.
 Java applications are large programs that
run stand-alone, with the support of a virtual
machine.
 Applet is a relatively small Java program
executed under the by a browser (inside an
appletviewer).
 Applets are great for creating dynamic and
interactive web applications of Java Program.
 Advantages of Applets

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 Types of Java Program
 Advantages of Applets :
 Execution of applets is easy in a Web browser
and does not require any installation or
deployment procedure in realtime programming
(where as servlets require).
 Writing and displaying (just opening in a
browser) graphics and animations is easier than
applications.
 In GUI development, constructor, size of frame,
window closing code etc. are not required (but
are required in applications).

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 Types of Java Program
.

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 Bye
Take a look :
https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/

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